Comparison of Leadership Theories

Examination of Leadership Theories The foundation of connection among devotees and pioneers that emphasis on genuine changes and results that reflects through shared reasons for existing is fundamentally authority. Initiative likewise includes in making change not just in keeping up status quote. Another authority significant element is to bring individuals and make them comprehension to meet up around a typical vision and to realize change wanted future. In numerous angles, the significance of authority is fundamental without it families, networks and just as associations would go down separated. In other sense, the method of improving effectiveness, resolve, client care and execution is the basic part of administration. It is likewise basic for the associations to deal with basic circumstance and lead that viably and just a decent pioneer with great administration capacity can lead group effectively. There are various styles of administration essentially it is way the individual arrangements with that so as to remai n alive in their position. These are dictator, majority rule and free enterprise.( Business:William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, Jack R. Kapoor,Cengage Learning, 2009 Political Science - p.179) In dictator authority style, pioneer holds all the force and duties. In this style, workers are doled out to explicit errand by the pioneer and hope to complete it systematic. In free enterprise authority style, pioneer offers capacity to representatives. There are at least two elective choices taken by pioneer, workers can pick any of them from that point it depends up to them. In vote based initiative styles, pioneer gives more significance on representatives and attempts to empower them and demonstrates thoughtfulness regarding people. Authentic, traditional and contemporary way to deal with Leadership hypothesis: Historically there are numerous administration moves toward that connected with various speculations of initiative. Incredible Man hypothesis of authority: 1900s: This is the most punctual speculations of administration. Around then the greater part of the specialists accepted that pioneers are conceived, not made. In Great Man hypothesis, depicts that the primary privileged insights of an extraordinary pioneer lies in being brought into the world incredible. It gives significance on the investigation of all the incredible pioneers who were extraordinary, might be they are from gentry or from the lower classes yet they had the chances to lead. By discovering those individuals who did extraordinary things, for example, Nepolean, Hitler, Curchill on the off chance that we go further back, at that point Lord Krisna, Gesus and Hazrat Mohammad were exceptionally simple to bring up them. As indicated by Great Man hypothesis, it accepts that pioneers must have a few characteristics like great ordering power, cunning, great character, mental fortitude, presence of mind; savagery and expressiveness that cant be had through learning or through sp ecific educated programmes.(Organisational conduct by Hawa Singh,1st ed,2009-10,page-263)( Fire Service Leadership: Theories and Practices-Mitchell R. Waite, International Association of Fire Chiefs;Jones Bartlett Learning, 2008 Business Economics;page-3,4) Characteristic Theories of Leadership: 1900s-1940: Trait speculations are like Great Man hypotheses here and there. It accept that pioneers must have general attributes or individual highlights that they get by conceived and normal to all and make them better coordinated to initiative. In Trait Theory of administration simply attempted to discover qualities of notable pioneer that were visit. This methodology depended on the plan that is singularity and individual inherent worth that recognize effective pioneer structure every other person. In 1994, Yukl directed exploration on attributes and aptitudes and connected to authoritative adequacy (Introduction to instructive administration hierarchical conduct: hypothesis into practice,Patti L. Possibility, Edward W. Chance,Eye on Education, 2002,page.87). These were- Vitality and weight persistence Presence of mind Internal locus of control Passionate development Value Matchless quality motivation Arriving at direction Requirement for connection Situational Theories of Leadership: (Administration in Organizations: There Is a Difference among Leaders and Managers, David, University Press of America, 2009, p 33) In situational speculations of initiative gives more significance on the various circumstances like where the undertaking to be cultivated, fit encompassed by characters, force and recognitions. Adequacy of authority depends on those circumstances. These situational hypotheses are additionally called Contingency speculations since this Theory is dependent upon the necessities or the status of the circumstances. 1960s-70: In Contingency/situational hypothesis contends what pioneers play out that can be dictated by that circumstances and that practices must be connected with that natural circumstances close by (Understanding Leadership Perspectives: Theoretical and Practical Approaches, By Matthew R. Fairholm, Gilbert W. Fairholm,2008,page.11). A decent situational pioneer can just apply diverse initiative styles with the evolving circumstances. The best activity taken by the pioneer relies upon of the pioneer relies upon a scope of situational factors. How the model functions essentially to accomplish results: Recognizable proof of point by point occupation and errand Asses present execution Comparing pioneer reaction Distinctive initiative styles could impact by the wide scope of factors relying upon the diverse natural circumstances and it makes an effect on pioneer conduct, where pioneer can work. There are some basic possibilities like authoritative volume, intricacy in task, development of specialist thus numerous others. As indicated by situational hypothesis, situational factors are restricted and differ as per that possibility and determined conduct of pioneer can just work in specific sort of circumstances not for all. There are three most conspicuous hypotheses of possibility Way Goal hypothesis Feidlers Contingency hypothesis The Vroom-Yettons model Way Goal hypothesis: In this hypothesis essentially center around pioneers persuasive capacity and it tends to be upgraded by expanding singular adjustments to subordinates for work objective accomplishment, increase individual fulfillment by heightening chances (House, 1971).According to these speculations key occupier is that the viability can be estimated through the practices of various pioneers that will be impacted by situational factors. In more extensive sense it concentrated on beginning course of action and reflection conduct of pioneers however later it reached out as participative and administration practices as far as accomplishment situated (House and Mitchell, 1974).there are two significant supposition on way Goal speculations of initiative (Leadershipã‚â edited by Linda L. Neider, Chester Schriesheim, IAP, 2002, page-116) Right off the bat, it worries with the appropriateness of pioneers conduct to the subordinates Furthermore, it worries with the inspirational components of pioneer (House and Mitchell, 1974). Appropriateness: Leader practices should be reasonable for the subordinates so it encourages them to work well with various circumstance. This great conduct of pioneer upgrades the general fulfillments of subordinates. Inspiration: The job of a pioneer is significant in propelling of workers for specific assignment to build the general execution. Fiedlers Contingency hypothesis: Overseeing authoritative conduct: Henry, Neal P. Mero, John R. Rizzo Wiley-Blackwell, 2000 pages.461, 467 In 1971, Feidler proposed explanation on that how bunch execution can be influenced through the relations of administration direction, bunch setting and occupation attributes. Pioneers circumstance can gauge however different degrees like connections among pioneers and individuals, structure of occupation and position power (Fiedler, 1978). The connection among pioneer and part: This alludes to how the pioneer is loved by the gathering individuals. At the point when great relationship exists among pioneers and individuals then all are get high fulfillment in work and associations esteems is accomplished through individual qualities. In the event that the connection is going severely, at that point there is absence of regular trust. Another significant term bunch cohesiveness, it is exceptionally hard to make all the representatives cooperate when it low. On the off chance that it is high however terrible connection with pioneer, at that point bunch cooperates to hurt the association just as pioneer. Structure of employments: It is classified in two different ways like high assignment and low undertaking structure. In high undertaking work structure pioneer should comprehend what the objective is and how to accomplish that. In low errand structure work pioneer must settle on a choice how to perform task each an ideal opportunity to complete it. Position power: In high position power pioneer has power to take any significant choices without advising anybody to higher association levels. In low position power, pioneer has constrained position. The Vroom-Yettons model of initiative: This model is generally utilized in the advancement of authority in corporate focus and furthermore gets enough help from experts. (Mechanical and hierarchical brain science: connecting hypothesis with practice; By Cary L. Cooper, Edwin A. Locke, page-151,152)The most significant parts of this model is that legitimates both the totalitarian and majority rule pioneer conduct and coordinating that is reasonable in fastidious circumstances. This model likewise gives productive data about what might be the ideal time of utilizing gatherings or contradicted to character dynamic. This model has a few confinements like pioneers are consistently need to take choice in picking of administration styles, it considers every choice in term of circumstance yet it doesn't rely upon past factor. Subjective asset hypothesis: Subjective Resource hypothesis is the change of Feidlers Contingency hypothesis. This hypothesis concentrated on character, habits and situational properties. Intellectual asset hypothesis incorporates subjective assets like individual intuition, down to earth information and expertise, work ability, into unique model. Suppositions: 1) Plans and techniques are conveyed through mandate conduct by troughs. 2) Experienced and more astute pioneers ha

Overcoming Terrorist Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conquering Terrorist Issues - Essay Example A great many individuals could have been influenced and even slaughtered if the fear based oppressors had completed their arrangement. The fear based oppressors don't anticipate just utilizing physical weapons out in the open spots. They have likewise chosen to utilize organic fear based oppression by sending infections into open territories. A model originates from the workplace of Tom Daschle, when the prominent Anthrax infection was conveyed via the post office. While no one at the workplace was influenced by this, it helps to underline the dread of a natural specialist being discharged into society. Natural specialists have been a known methods for fighting and have been in presence for quite a while. For instance, when the Cold War was in actuality, both the United States and the Soviet Union had created methods for organic fighting. One that is right now generally dreaded to be utilized by the psychological militants is the idea of botulism. Botulism, which is an extremely cruel type of food contamination, could be spread among the farming of the United States and could consequently cause across the board disorder and frenzy in the nation (Medicine, n.d.). The fear based oppressors could without much of a stretch utilize both enormous scope and little scope ideas to spread this ailment in the event that they decide to. It has been generally conceded by the United States and numerous specialists that work in America that the nation isn't set up for any huge scope assault of organic fighting (Yungher, 2008). ... Since botulism is such an enthusiastic dread and such a terrible ailment, the best way to conquer it and to maintain a strategic distance from a far reaching frenzy is create inoculations against it (Center for Disease Control, n.d.). Moreover, the inoculations would need to be promptly accessible and economical for people to bear. Accordingly, the administration should provide its own cash so as to put resources into the health of its kin. This will be significant for helping and ensuring the Americans against any sort of natural assault, or organic fighting. Botulism is one of the most stamped fears with regards to organic psychological oppression, however different maladies are likewise foundations for concern. In this way, the administration should support a program that will concentrate on discovering solutions for operators that may be utilized for a situation of organic fighting. This division ought to likewise ensure that enough medication is accessible if a wide emergency en sues. Groundwork for this sort of frenzy is perhaps the most ideal approaches to neutralize it. In the event that the United States doesn't start to get ready, it could have an exceptionally serious issue on its hands, and its populace could be handily annihilated and wrecked by affliction. 2. From a Jihad point of view, legitimize the decision of joining the reason. Clarify your thinking for supporting it. For what reason would one who was a Muslim wish to join the Jihad on America What might be the explanations behind joining the reason There are a few reasons why this idea is appealing to numerous individuals in Islamic nations. In the first place, the idea of Jihad fits into the point of view of the Islamic religion. While most orders of Islam that take Jihad in its full earnestness are viewed as radicals, it tends to be

What to Look For in PA Application Essay Samples

What to Look For in PA Application Essay SamplesThere are numerous sources on the internet that claim to offer Pa application essay samples. In actual fact, this is the most common question asked by those who wish to apply for a PA position in their state of residence.The first consideration to make when applying for a PA position is to ensure that you have a well-written, effective personal statement. The contents of the statement should be very clear and concise. While some of these must have been written as personal essays, it would also be ideal to keep in mind that the job requirements for PA positions vary greatly from state to state.The most critical element of a student's application, which is often overlooked, is the fact that an applicant must possess the capability to study and research thoroughly. In addition, it is essential that the applicant has the ability to organize data and communicate effectively. So, an applicant needs to be able to demonstrate a learning disabil ity, and the ability to perform the basic research required to prepare for a study tour, or to provide references to clients. It is important to remember that while PA applications are often stressful, and candidates must meet stringent requirements, they also need to clearly identify that they are qualified for the position.A large number of the required steps within a student's application must be completed before the application is submitted to the PA programs that are hiring. These steps include: resume, academic writing samples, letters of recommendation, and PA testing. However, many of these steps are completed prior to the application being submitted to the PA programs.The vast majority of the essay samples available online are often very similar. One way to distinguish this from real essay samples is to examine the comments made about the applicant's potential ability to function as a PA. There are specific essay samples that are specifically designed to provide very specif ic feedback on the candidate's personal and professional abilities.An applicant should always include their personal statement in the application. However, this statement can be modified to match the PA program requirements.It is extremely important that the candidate carefully read the instructions to understand how to use the personal statement. One important point to remember is that the personal statement is not intended to be an argumentative document, and should not be used to say something about a PA applicant's personal life.The personal statement is meant to serve as a summary of an applicant's personality and academic record. It is very likely that most employers would want to know how much time an applicant spent studying, and what type of study they were involved in. The personal statement can clearly demonstrate how an applicant conducts themselves in the workplace and can help a PA hiring committee to identify what types of characteristics they are looking for.

Why Did I Choose This Career - 1241 Words

Q: How and why did you choose this career?†¨A: I was a ballet dancer and had been accepted into the Royal Ballet of Canada when I had a foot injury that required surgery and follow up physical therapy. That was my first introduction to the field. I think the possibility of PT as a career just simmered in my subconscious because I actually started university studying math and French. I ended up getting a degree in psychology and then entered physical therapy school.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Q: What are the most important skills and abilities required for your job?†¨A: The critical skill in a physical therapist is the passion to do what they do and to make a real difference in the lives of the patients they serve. Besides that they must be very strong in the sciences, a creative and critical thinker, have great interpersonal and problem solving skills, and be able to multitask.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Q: What is a typical day in your work like?†¨A: I am currently in healthcare administration s o my day revolves around establishing a working environment to provide high quality patient-centered care.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Q: What do you wish you knew (but didn t) when you first contemplated this career?†¨A: I wish I had a better understanding of all the different venues of care options available and the different therapeutic goals specific to the setting. I think it is important to find out what aspect of PT you are most passionate about and what setting best fits your personality/your life.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Q: What parts of your job do you find most challenging?Show MoreRelatedWhat Does You Do For Your Life?1511 Words   |  7 PagesEver since I was a little girl I always knew that I wanted to help people. 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Atomic Mass From Atomic Abundance Chemistry Problem

You may have noticed the atomic mass of an element isnt the same as the sum of the protons and neutrons of a single atom. This is because elements exist as multiple isotopes. While each atom of an element has the same number of protons, it can have a variable number of neutrons. The atomic mass on the periodic table is a weighted average of the atomic masses of atoms observed in all samples of that element. You can use the atomic abundance to calculate the atomic mass of any element sample if you know the percentage of each isotope. Atomic Abundance Example Chemistry Problem The element boron consists of two isotopes, 105B and 115B. Their masses, based on the carbon scale, are 10.01 and 11.01, respectively. The abundance of 105B is 20.0% and the abundance of 115B is 80.0%. What is the atomic mass of boron? Solution: The percentages of multiple isotopes must add up to 100%. Apply the following equation to the problem: atomic mass (atomic mass X1) Â · (% of X1)/100 (atomic mass X2) Â · (% of X2)/100 ...where X is an isotope of the element and % of X is the abundance of the isotope X. Substitute the values for boron in this equation: atomic mass of B (atomic mass of 105B Â · % of 105B/100) (atomic mass of 115B Â · % of 115B/100)atomic mass of B (10.01Â · 20.0/100) (11.01Â · 80.0/100)atomic mass of B 2.00 8.81atomic mass of B 10.81 Answer: The atomic mass of boron is 10.81. Note that this is the value listed in the periodic table for the atomic mass of boron. Although the atomic number of boron is 10, its atomic mass is nearer to 11 than to 10, reflecting the fact that the heavier isotope is more abundant than the lighter isotope. Why Arent Electrons Included? The number and mass of electrons is not included in an atomic mass calculation because the mass of the electron is infinitesimal compared to that of a proton or neutron. Basically, electrons dont significantly affect the mass of an atom.

Unintended Pregnancy Prevention Essay - 1269 Words

Are controversial concerns about the birth control pill really a problem? Allowing teenagers to use the birth control pill has been a controversial subject for parents, teachers, and teenagers for a wide range of reasons. The vast majority of teenage pregnancies, more than four out of five, are unplanned (Unintended Pregnancy Prevention). Whether teenagers believe in common myths that they cant get pregnant the first time having sex or they truly believe nothing like this could ever happen to them, it happens to approximately seven hundred and fifty thousand teenagers in the United States each year. Although the birth control pill may not completely put an end to teenage pregnancies, it will decrease pregnancy rates among†¦show more content†¦In fact, these health risks are substantially lower than the health concerns of teenage births for both the mother and the baby. In Teen Pregnancy and Health Risk to the Baby, Stanley J. 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Corporate Sustainability Report Environmental Responsibility

Question: Describe about the Corporate Sustainability Report for Environmental Responsibility? Answer: Introduction The GRI plays a crucial role as a public standard setter in developing standards for sustainability reporting for companies. The GSSB is a governance structure that helps organizations and stakeholders benefit from these prescribed standards. The GRI lays down the criteria for the organizations to prepare their sustainability report according to Guidelines. The Systems Oriented Theories consist of Legitimacy Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and Institutional Theory. These theories stress on voluntary reports from corporate on economic, environmental and social aspects on the society they live in. The top two multinationals taken for study are Walmart and Apple Inc. This study uses periodicals, journal articles, sustainability reports and annual reports of these multinational for analysis and findings on their reporting standards are made. Literature Review GSSB: The GRI Global Sustainability Standards Board is established as an operating entity working independently under GRI. Its sole responsibility is to set globally accepted standards through sustainability reporting (Globalreporting, Global Sustainability Standards Board, 2015). Public Interest (in sustainability reporting context) is: To promote positive impact on the ecological, social, economic and environmental systems To make well-informed decisions and access to reliable and transparent information Systems Oriented Theories Within a system, an entity is assumed to influence and have an influence on the society in exists in. The relationship between the organizations with other parties is also dealt with (Bebbington, Unerman, Dwyer, 2014). The three theories studied here are: Legitimacy Theory: Companies disclose information on sustainability in response to the pressure and demand of the sustainability practice. Stakeholder Theory: Companies disclose information by identifying the stakeholders interest in their practical application Institutional Theory: Companies disclose information according to the social change and institutional pressure (Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn, Issues in Financial Accounting, 2013) Through sustainability, CEOs understand the need for the management to involve themselves in decision analytical frameworks which are normative, descriptive or deliberative. Sustainability measurement serves as a quantitative basis towards sustainability of the environment, economy and social domains (Khalili, 2011). Objectivity of Global Sustainability Standards Board The Global Sustainability Standards Board or the GSSB is an operating entity working independently under GRI. It consists of 15 members who are responsible for setting standards that are globally acceptable for sustainability reporting. It works according to its mission and vision and works for the public interest. Objectivity of GSSB Some of the objectives of the GSSB are: G4 Guidelines transition into a set ofGRI Standards Multi-stakeholder approach towards sector guidance, sector understanding and sector indicators Introducing metrics that the set of Standards have not included. Due Process and Steps by which GSSB develops Sustainability Reporting Standards The GRI Standards have been developed by Due Process Protocol, overseen by DPOC or Due Process Oversight Committee. The Due Process Protocol sets the process towards developing GRI Standards. This helps to promote public interest which is aligned with the mission and vision of GRI starting from identification of project, content development, public exposure and feedback to final release of the product (Globalreporting, Global Sustainability Standards Board, 2015). Steps through which GSSB develops Sustainability Reporting Standards GSSB keeps track of global initiative to make organizations disclose environmental, governance and social reporting. Through Explain Campaign Forum 1. Organizations can contribute and join the Campaign Forum by sharing information, disclose developments and publicly support them 2. Government encourages organizations towards minimum disclosure of sustainability reports 4. Regulators can be approached for transparent disclosures and more participation (IISD, 2014). Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines The GRI developed a unique governance structure in 2014 to build global standards towards sustainability reporting. These guidelines have been implemented and accepted by around 90 countries and 5000 organizations as recognition of its public interest standards (SASB, 2015). Primary Objective The GRI has a mission to develop and spread guidelines for sustainability reporting that is globally applicable on environmental, social and economic dimensions. GRI Guidelines have to be followed and stakeholders make use of these reports. 4.2 Criteria that an organization should apply in preparing sustainability reporting in accordance with G4 sustainability reporting guidelines (Ford, 2014) In order to follow GRI Guidelines, organizations require certain resources An organization requires committed management and leadership to collect information and evaluate performance of the entire organization Proficiency of skills: Assessment of data, skill in developing reports ad experience in social research methods are skills required from staff members Courses, and support: GRI does not offer any training programs for sustainable reporting, however, NGOs and other consultancies offer such services (Guidelines, 2014). Reporting principles with respect to defining report content and defining report quality The G4 Guidelines on sustainability reporting helps organizations to report vital information. Report Content Through GRI Guidelines, organizations can disclose critical impacts, both positive and negative, that have their effects on the economy, society, and the environment. Reliable and relevant information to assess the risks ad opportunities are generated to help in decision-making, within the business, and among the stakeholders. These Guidelines are applicable to all types of organizations and all sectors around the world. Report Quality Part 1 of G4 consists of Standard Disclosures that organization can make use of to report the performance and impact of sustainability reporting. The Reporting Principles help in effective reporting with criteria in accordance to the Guidelines. Part 2 of G4 consists of the Implementation Manual which has to be followed to prepare the sustainability report. This report explains how the Reporting Principles are to be applied for; information to be prepared, concepts to be interpreted, etc (Globalreporting, G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, 2014). Features of the new governance structure Creation of an organizational firewall differentiating general organizational activities and standard-setting activities. of the global multi-stakeholders GRI standard development to be strengthened through Due Process Protocol Establishment of an independent public funding base towards GRIs standard-setting activities Transparent standards development processes Creating three new bodies of governance structure for standard-setting GSSB (Global Sustainability Standards Board) DPOC (Due Process Oversight Committee) IAC (Independent Appointments Committee) Features of Systems Oriented Theories The Systems-oriented theories consist of Legitimacy Theory Stakeholder Theory Institutional Theory These theories give importance to disclosure of information between groups, individuals, state, and organizations. As economic issues have to be investigated in the context of social, political and institutional framework all the economic activities have to be considered (Deegan, 2014). Legitimacy Theory explains why an entity makes particular and voluntary disclosures. This is compared to the Political Cost Hypothesis as it describes corporate behavior. Organizations ensure that they work within the norms and bounds within the society they exist in. Norms and bounds are not static (Deegan, 2014). CSR reporting of legitimacy theory Starbucks Coffee in Australia follows corporate philanthropy as it allows its workers to donate to charity by working for any charity which they like to choose. This promotes the social responsibility image of the company(Henderson S. , Peirson, Herbohn, Artiach, Howieson, 2014). Organizations should adapt to changes in the community and make changes. It should not rely on assumptions about market efficiency or wealth maximization assumption. Stakeholder Theory provides the basis for framework and concepts that are practice-oriented. It identifies numerous interests between the stakeholder and its firm. It has two branches which are normative or ethical branch and managerial or positive branch. It develops policies that are supportive and consistent to deal with them. It links the corporate behavior with the stakeholder management as well as ethical considerations (Frakenberger, 2006). Stakeholders are individuals or groups who affect the objectives of the organization or are affected by it. The management should treat all stakeholders equally and coordinate their interests. Primary stakeholders are essential to the survival of an organization while secondary stakeholders are those who influence or are influenced by the organization. CSR reporting of stakeholder theory Google developed conflicts in goals and environmental organizations. Through its project Google Green the company set the goal of carbon-neutral and to achieve 35% reduction in energy source and increase renewable sources within 2012. However, these targets were not achieved or disclosed officially as there were stakeholder conflicts regarding this. Through sustainability reporting Google was forced to take steps to implement further action regarding this issue. Institutional Theory: Institutional theory is of two main dimensions: Isomorphism and decoupling. Isomorphic processes may be regulative, normative or cultural-cognitive. Organizational theory tends to take similar characteristics. The institutional theory explains how organizations respond to social changes and institutional expectation and pressure. Organizations tend to practice the same form of homogeneity as they follow the same practices that different organizations practice (Stanusch, 2010). Isomorphism shows tendency to similar process and structure of corporations. They do not always increase the efficiency of the organization as the strategies have more of form or show than about the substance. CSR reporting of institutional theory Lake Nona attracted partnership with Tavistock and GE leaders to develop new ideas to enlighten its surroundings. GE experimented with a novel lighting system with LED lighting. The lake got its lighting and GE had produced a new product that it could market globally. Institutional theory is about how organizations in an environment seek legitimacy and become isomorphic in their environment (Henderson S. , Peirson, Herbohn, Artiach, Howieson, 2014). Legitimacy of the systems-oriented theories The legitimacy of the systems-oriented theories cannot be measured in monetary terms as there are no proper guidelines that give real-time value to social and environmental changes. Reports are too long and require a high cost for data preparation. Hence, organizations try to evade or give basic emphasis to such evaluation. There is much overlapping between the three system-oriented theories as norms and values overlap. Organizations do not get the necessary support as there are legal restrictions that make it difficult to continue operation. Multinational Companies from Global 500 I 2015 The top five multinational companies from Global 500 2015 are Walmart, Sinopec Group, Royal Dutch Shell, China National Petroleum, and Exxon Mobil. Apple is in the 15th position from the top (Global500, 2015). For our study, we take two multinational companies for study. References are taken from Annual Reports and Sustainability Reports, 2015 for Walmart and Apple(Apple, Apple.Inc, 2015),(Apple, Environment Responsibility Report, 2014), (Walmart, Corporatereport, 2015),(Walmart, Global responsibility, 2015) . Multinational Company 1: Walmart Walmart has revealed its sustainability report in its Global Responsibility Report 2015. Environmental sustainability is an important ingredient of a successful business as shown by Walmart through its sustainability report. Energy: Walmart is aiming towards 100% renewable energy as energy efficiency is good for its customers, shareholders and the future of the world. Clean and affordable energy can bring down costs while increasing energy efficiency. Waste: To achieve zero waste is one of the goals of Walmart. Offices in Japan and UK have a diversion rate that is 90% while in Canada and Mexico it is 70%. Other measures are reduction in plastic bag wastage and introducing bio-plastic wraps for packaging. Products: Walmart uses sustainability in the purchase of products which are environment-friendly to meet the issues of the society. Responsible Sourcing: Walmart continues its responsibility drive in its supply chain in all the countries through strengthened internal programs. In 2015, it has increased its responsible sourcing associates by 200 (Walmart, Global responsibility, 2015). In 2014, Walmart had implemented the Sustainability Index for progress measurement by focusing on three core areas: sustainability, local communities, and opportunity. Some of its initiatives in 2014 were fertilizer reduction, sustainable chemistry, Bangladesh fire safety, new jobs, empowering women and bringing back manufacturing jobs to the US (Walmart, Global Responsibility Report, 2014). Multinational company 2: Apple Apple, the tech giant, is on its way to becoming a sustainability leader through its green announcements. It has embraced the renewable revolution Apple has implemented power consumption on its new and old buildings through renewable energy sources. Enforced sustainable supply chain According to the progress report of the Supplier Responsibility, Apple had audited the supplier facilities in 19 countries in 2014. However, fifteen factories were suspended for serious pollution of fresh water supplies and air. Apple is also working with Dutch quango to find an alternative source of tin that is sustainable. Poor working conditions found in its Chinese factories were rectified after investigations through regulators. Entering into the electric car market Apple has hired experienced vehicle designers to shake the electric car market to develop battery-powered minivan electric vehicle. Commitment to resource efficient in its products Apple Retail stores around the world have introduced recycling programs to recycle its own products and in university campuses and cities (Vallone, 2014). The new Apple Campus 2 to be the greenest building ever Apple is building a new campus in Cupertino which is to have 100% renewable solar energy; drought tolerant plants reduce water usage (Google, 2015). According to Apples Global Responsibility Report in 2014, the data center Maiden, has the largest onsite solar array; carbon emissions have dropped by 3% on a year to year basis. Energy savings has gone up by 30% through wind, solar, geothermal and micro-hydro renewable sources (Apple, Environment Responsibility Report, 2014). Similarities and Differences in report content We find that Apple and Walmart have given importance to bringing down energy consumption and pollution control. Apple has gone one step further in building a green building in its campus while Walmart is one of the first to introduce new technology in its recycling process and introducing new bio-plastic wraps. Similarities and Differences in portrayal of the company Walmart has brought a revolution for a cleaner environment in all its stores across the globe by bringing in zero wastage policy and 100% renewable energy. However, it has a long way to go to achieve these targets. Apple has also taken giant steps towards poisonous emissions removal. The negative aspect of poor working conditions in Chinese outlets was exposed and Apple had to introduce better conditions for its employees and show the steps undertaken by the company. Both the companies need to portray the social and environmental reports with more specifications through concise reporting for users to measure and compare long-term values.0 Conclusion The GRI through GSSB oversees that corporate follow guideline. Public disclosure of sustainability reports, annual reports, and websites reflect the changes in the corporate activities of companies in the current environment. Financial Accounting and Social Performance Information link the societal values to organizational practices through their report content and quality according to GRI rules. We find that the societal theories such as legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, and institutional theory see that the organization functions and reports within the Guidelines prescribed in a relationship with other parties in the social system. From the reports of the multinationals Walmart and Apple, we find that sustainability practices have been implemented and published to the general public. We conclude that though malpractices do exist, sustainability reporting by corporate is the right step towards looking into the interests of the society. References Apple. (2015, May). Apple.Inc. Retrieved January 22, 2016, from Environmental Responsibility Report: https://www.apple.com/environment/pdf/Apple_Environmental_Responsibility_Report_2015.pdf Apple. (2014). Environment Responsibility Report. Environment Responsibility Progress Report, 2014 , 29. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J., Dwyer, B. (Eds.). (2014). Sustainability Accounting and Accountability (2 ed.). New York: Routledge. Deegan, C. (2014). Financial Accounting Theories. Sydney: McGraw Hill Education. Ford, D. (2014). Triple Pundit. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from https://www.triplepundit.com/podium/gri-forms-new-governance-structure-catalyze-sustainability-reporting/ Frakenberger, S. (2006). Managemet of Regulatory Influences on Corporate Strategy and Structure. Frankfurt: Deutscher-Verlag. Global500. (2015). Fortune. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://fortune.com/global500/ Globalreporting. (2014). G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/g4 Globalreporting. (2015). Global Sustainability Standards Board. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://www.globalreporting.org/information/news-and-press-center/Pages/GSSB-TO-ISSUE-GRI-SUSTAINABILITY-REPORTING-STANDARDS-IN-2016.aspx Google. (2015). Google Green. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://www.google.co.in/green/ GSSB. (2015). Terms of Reference. GRI , 6. Guidelines, G. (2014). Proving and Improving. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from Provig and Improvig Web site: https://www.proveandimprove.org/index.php Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. (2013). Issues in Financial Accounting (15 ed.). New South Wales: Pearson. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Artiach, T., Howieson, B. (2014). Issues in Financial Acocunting (15 ed.). New South Wales: Pearson Australia. IISD. (2014, August 21). Business Strategies for Sustainable Development. Business Strategy , pp. 10-17. Khalili, N. (2011). Practical Sustainability: From Grounded Theory to Emerging Strategies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. SASB. (2015). Accounting For A Sustainable Future. Retrieved January 22, 2016, from https://www.sasb.org/ Stanusch, A. S. (Ed.). (2010). Organizational Immunity to Corruption: Building Theoretical and Research Foundations. New York: Information Age Publishing Inc. Vallone, A. (2014). Google testing blog. Retrieved January 03, 2016, from https://googletesting.blogspot.in/2014/01/the-google-test-and-development.html Walmart. (2015, May). Corporate. Retrieved January 22, 2016, from Global Responsibility: https://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility Walmart. (2015, April). Corporatereport. Retrieved January 22, 2016, from Walmart 2015 Annual Report: https://www.corporatereport.com/walmart Walmart. (2015). Global responsibility. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/sustainability/ Walmart. (2014). Global Responsibility Report. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://cdn.corporate.walmart.com

The Marketing of Jamiroquai Essay Example

The Marketing of Jamiroquai Essay Sony Music International, whose head office is based in New York, comprises sixty different affiliate companies world-wide, one of which is Sony Music UK. Sony Music UK became a pure record company in 1965, with two of its main objectives being to discover and market UK artists, and to penetrate the UK market using international artists. The organization became increasingly popular and successful throughout the 1970s and 1980s and is now one of the most powerful record companies in the world, and generates more annual revenue than any of its competitors, as illustrated by the bar chart below However, despite its strength and success, Sony Music has recently suffered from a major decrease in turnover and profits, as illustrated in the graphs on the following page. This is the result of a drastic change in the singles market; the UK sales of singles have plummeted, with figures for singles sales currently being the lowest on record for the past 25 years. Unfortunately, this trend does not appear to be changing; singles sales in 2002 totaled less than  £100 million in the first time since 1994, down 13.7% on 2001. Jamiroquai In 1991, Sony Music decided to launch the sub-label Soho Square. Jamiroquai, a multi-cultural English band led by singer Jason Kay was formed a year later in 1992. They released a song called When You Gonna Learn? on the independent London-based label Acid Jazz which generated a lot of attention, and were immediately inundated with offers from numerous record companies. Soho Square offered Kay an eight-album contract for  £1.3 million in 1992, but were not interested in signing the rest of his band. Kay accepted, but decided to keep his original band and pay them himself. Since 1992, Jamiroquai has continued to be Soho Squares most important and profitable artist. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing of Jamiroquai specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing of Jamiroquai specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing of Jamiroquai specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The band has a very distinctive musical sound which is not easily categorized and best described as a fusion of disco, jazz, funk and soul, and has consequently allowed them to attract a multi-racial fan-base. The bands image is very strong; their name incorporates the words Jam (as in a musical jam session) and Iroquis, the name of an indigenous American-Indian tribe who value the environment highly, which reflects both the bands love of music and their concern for the environment. Jamiroquais debut album on Soho Square, Emergency on Planet Earth, released in 1993, went straight to number one, and made them the top-selling English band of that year. Since then, Jamiroquai have continued to be very successful, selling a total of 16 million albums worldwide, having a dozen Top 30 chart hits, and winning numerous awards. Although Jamiroquais importance to Sony Music as a whole is not great, Jamiroquai is Soho Squares most successful act, and is a high priority to the sub-label as the band has allowed Soho Square to achieve its objective of successfully breaking an unknown UK band. Also, the fact that Kay is signed to Sony Music for 8 albums, a figure much higher than the US average 4 album contract offered to other artists, it is clear that Sony Music has long-term aspirations for the band. One of Sony Musics main objectives for Jamiroquai is to exploit its past marketing experience to allow Jamiroquai to break and conquer the US market. Sony Music, as the largest record company in the industry, has a wide variety of tools and resources available, in particular its extensive network of contacts within the music media, which, if managed effectively, can help to meet this objective. Sony Musics Environment Sony Music recognises the importance of managing its micro-environment in order to ensure efficiency and success in its marketing campaigns, as well the importance of interacting with and adapting to its macro-environment in order to preserve its competitive advantage and remain ahead of its competitors. Sony Musics Micro-Environment The company The process of setting up a marketing campaign for the band is carried out by Sony Music as follows: Management will set objectives stating desired single and album sales and other strategies for Jamiroquai, and will communicate these to the rest of the company. It is then up to the marketing department to work with other departments, such as Research and Development, to assess how to attract its target audience. Suppliers The company is responsible for all of its own supplies; it is self-sufficient in that it owns its artist and produces its own CDs and other forms of media (e.g. LPs and DVDs). Marketing Intermediaries Sony Musics marketing intermediaries comprise the following: Resellers- The number of reseller mediums available to Sony Music have increased dramatically in the past decade, with CDs being sold at specialist music stores, online companies, supermarkets and music mega-stores such as HMV and Tower Records. Physical Distribution Firms- Instead of working with external firms, Sony Music UK has its own warehouse located in Aylesbury, where all CDs and other forms of media are stored and shipped, allowing the organisation to keep costs down. Marketing Services Agencies- Sony Music is able to reduce its marketing costs by arranging the vast majority of its marketing itself. In Sony Music, it is not only the Marketing Department that is responsible for marketing, but also the Press and Public Relations Departments, ensuring that publicity and advertising for all artists are maximised. Financial Intermediaries- Being a multi-billion pound organisation, Sony Music does not rely as heavily on financial intermediaries as other organizations, but its recent decline in profits could change this trend in the near future. Customers Sony Musics products are targeted to specific consumer markets, but although market research is carried out via Sony Music mailing lists, and a recently-launched Sony Student Website which aims to gain information from the student population, the market research aimed specifically at Jamiroquai fans is limited, with it being more focused on a range of Sony Music artists. Competition Sony Music faces fierce competition from others within the music industry, namely the other members of the Big Five: EMI, Universal, Warner Bros and BMG. With Sony Musics current profit and turnover dives, it is essential that the company remains aware of its competitors plans and marketing strategies. Sony Music tries to position Jamiroquai in its consumers minds as a band that transcends an array of music and racial boundaries, and sees this as its main source of competitive advantage. The organisation aims to maintain its success, like all other record companies, via its Artists and Repertoire Department which is constantly on the look-out for new talent and which also tries to persuade artists signed to other labels to sign to Sony Music. Publics The two publics that most affect Sony Music are: Media Publics- The media can have a negative effect on Jamiroquais album and single sales. Sony Music try to control this by setting up publicity stunts that they believe will help boost sales, and by maintaining good relationships with editors of publications and heads of music at radio stations, to ensure that Jamiroquai gets the best ratings, reviews and airplay possible. General Public- Sony Music understands the importance of keeping Jamiroquais image as consumer-friendly as possible, and does this by changing the bands image where necessary. For example, when trying to break Jamiroquai in the USA, Sony Music decided to change the lyrics on the bands Return of the Space Cowboy album to suit the American populations views on cannabis: Cheeba Cheeba (slang for cannabis) was changed to Freeba Freeba Gotta get high was changed to Gotta get sly Sony Musics Macro-Environment Economic Environment It is expected that by 2010, the Asian Tigers, India and China, will have a combined GDP of 28%, which is 10% higher than the predicted GDP of USA, and of Western Europe and Japan. These developing markets represent potential markets, as their standards of living, wealth and demand for technological goods are all on the increase. Demographic Environment The UK, like the majority of developed countries, has an ageing population; it is predicted that 38% of the population will be over 50 years old in 2031. This older generation will be likely to spend a significant percentage of their income on leisure activities (including music). It is therefore wise for Sony Music to investigate targeting this audience. Another trend is increasing European integration, leading to the creation of the Euro-consumer. Sony Music has the advantage of Jamiroquais multi-racial and multi-cultural band appealing to the diverse inhabitants of EU member states, and should maintain this image to attract more of these new Euro-consumers. Cultural Environment Celebrities and music groups have a considerable effect on peoples attitudes and appearance. Kays strong and unique image (he is famous for his flamboyant hats and his collection of fast cars) means that Jamiroquai is distinctive and easily-recognisable. However his numerous violent outbursts and bad behaviour have also caused him to be regarded negatively by many, as his behaviour goes against the moral beliefs and values of the general public (Reference: Page A1). Political and Natural Environment The growth of public interest groups have proven beneficial to Jamiroquai, as Kays much-publicised support for the environment has gained him many supporters. Jamiroquai recently performed a benefit concert for Friends of the Earth and played a short set near the Danish Embassy in protest at whale culling around the Faroe Islands. Technological Environment Technology has had a big impact on the music industry, its biggest threat to date being music-swapping software, as companies such as Napster have caused significant dents in Sony Musics profit margins because of the fact that their 51 million users do not want to buy music that they can obtain for free on the Internet. There have been ongoing legal battles between Sony Music and Napster, with a resolution yet to found. Fortunately, success was found by Sony Music with MP3.com: joining forces, the Big Five record companies (Sony Music, EMI, Universal, Warner Bros and BMG) deluged MP3.com with lawsuits charging the company with enabling Internet piracy, with the result being MP3.com paying Sony Music $20 million. Sony Music also introduced a revolutionary idea to try and combat music-swapping software: the production of non-copiable CDs which cannot be uploaded onto the Internet or burnt onto other CDs. This idea has been met with mixed reviews, as many consumers have turned against Sony Music for doing so. Also, it has been rumoured that Taiwanese companies are secretly developing hardware to read these CDs.

Definition and Examples of Overwriting

Definition and Examples of Overwriting Overwriting is a wordy writing style characterized by excessive detail, needless repetition, overwrought figures of speech, and/or convoluted sentence structures. For writers striving for color, advises author and editor Sol Stein, try, fly, experiment, but if it shows strain, if it isnt accurate, cut it (Stein on Writing, 1995). Examples and Observations Overwriting is the failure to make choices. . . . Linguistic bric-a-brac is literatures Elvis on velvet.(Paula LaRocque, Championship Writing: 50 Ways to Improve Your Writing. Marion Street, 2000)[Andrew] Davidsons approach is scattergun: for every lovely image (the unholy yoga of his crash), there is a horrible, almost parodic piece of overwriting (a cheese strand dangled from her mouth to the edge of her nipple, and I wanted to rappel it like a mozzarella commando).(James Smart, The Gargoyle. The Guardian, September 27, 2008)Even Great Writers Can OverwriteNote that some critics deeply admire the following passages by John Updike and Joan Didion. With uncommon perception, says Thomas L. Martin, Updike offers the beauty of these several figures which, lined up, converge in a significatory pattern as do these dropsin a single figurative mosaic (Poiesis and Possible Worlds, 2004). Likewise, the excerpt from On Self-Respect, one of Didions best-known essays, is frequently quoted approv ingly. Other readers, however, argue that Updikes images and Didions figurative comparisons are self-conscious and distractingin a word, overwritten. Decide for yourselves.- It was a window enchanted by the rarity with which I looked from it. Its panes were strewn with drops that as if by amoebic decision would abruptly merge and break and jerkily run downward, and the window screen, like a sampler half-stitched, or a crossword puzzle invisibly solved, was inlaid erratically with minute, translucent tesserae of rain.(John Updike, Of the Farm, 1965)- Although to be driven back upon oneself is an uneasy affair at best, rather like trying to cross a border with borrowed credentials, it seems to me now the one condition necessary to the beginnings of real self-respect. Most of our platitudes notwithstanding, self-deception remains the most difficult deception. The tricks that work on others count for nothing in that very well-lit back alley where one keeps assignations with oneself: no winning smiles will do here, no prettily drawn lists of good intentions. One shuffles flashily but in vain through ones marked cardsthe kindness done for the wrong reason, the apparent triumph which involved no real effort, the seemingly heroic act into which one had been shamed.(Joan Didion, On Self-Respect. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968) Weltys WordinessSometimes writers get so excited about specificity and description that they begin to confuse them with mere wordiness. This is called overwriting and is a common early malady in apprentice writers. . . .Heres one of Eudora Weltys early first sentences: Monsieur Boule inserted a delicate dagger in Mademoiselles left side and departed with a poised immediacy.The solution to overcoming overwriting . . . is simply to exercise restraint and to remember the notion of immediacy. Weltys sentence, short of its too-fancy verbs and its excess of adjectives, might simply have read, Monsieur Boule stabbed Mademoiselle with a dagger and left the room in a hurry.(Julie Checkoway, Creating Fiction: Instruction and Insights From Teachers of the Associated Writing Programs. Writers Digest Books, 2001)Daniel Harris on OverwritingEven as my prose congealed into epic similes that grew more and more outlandish, I displayed absolute intolerance for the overwriting of others whose prose all owed me to study my own shortcomings at several removes, from a vantage point far above the vendetta I was waging as the self-appointed hatchet man of minority fiction. Often I was so blind to my tendency to write purple prose that I overwrote in the very act of criticizing overwriting, as . . . when I praised Patricia Highsmith, who, unlike other American writers, was so committed to telling her story that she never had any time to single out something for its own sake, to pluck it up from its context, and pet it from head to toe with long, voluptuous strokes of adjectives and metaphors. Far from being smug about my skills as a writer, I was bitterly frustrated, divided between my need to entertain my audience and my abhorrence of the prose that resulted from my acrobatic efforts to maintain my readers interest.(Daniel Harris, A Memoir Of No One In Particular. Basic Books, 2002) Do Not OverwriteRich, ornate prose is hard to digest, generally unwholesome, and sometimes nauseating. If the sickly sweet word, the overblown phrase are a writers natural form of expression, as is sometimes the case, he will have to compensate for it by a show of vigor, and by writing something as meritorious as the Song of Songs, which is Solomons.(William Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White, The Elements of Style, 3rd ed. Macmillan, 1979)

The Documentary 'Jamie Oliver's Great Escape' as a useful tool in Research Paper

The Documentary 'Jamie Oliver's Great Escape' as a useful tool in teaching Italian to ab initio third level students of Culinar - Research Paper Example Engaging Language Learners by Making the Learning Real It is well documented in cognitive science that learning does not take place until it is either shared or applied. Therefore, a major problem in language learning is its lack of reality. By engaging foreign language learners in real activities that use the target language the learning can be enhanced and accelerated. This study covers the use of Videos in the major interest field of third year culinary arts students to help them learn Italian. By using Educational Videos created for other educational aims, such as learning cooking techniques, the language learning becomes part of the engaging activity in their major interest and seems incidental. A study using Jamie Oliver’s Great Escapes to teach Ab Intio Italian to third year culinary students shows great potential for combining students’ major interest with Ab Intio language learning. It can both accelerate the language acquisition and enhance the major subject, especially with vocabulary, since the words presented are those the students already use quite frequently. The documentary is not entirely in Italian, but incorporates many useful words for cooking into the dialogue as techniques are demonstrated visually. Since any text that is focused upon one subject will be limited in vocabulary to that subject, the target set of terms becomes naturally smaller and easier to learn. Rather like scaffolding, this makes a connection with something in which the student has an intense interest creating a reality and allowing the students to actually to share and apply the language to their every day activities. It also has the effect of increasing interest in the language, thus motivating the students. Using Jamie Oliver’s Great Escapes Videos to Teach Ab Intio Italian There are 250 articles in the EBSCO database about Jamie Oliver, so he is definitely a popular television star chef. In looking at the series Jamie’s Great Escapes it is easy to understand why. His shows are not just about cooking, but include history and culture and authentic Italian language. By integrating visual images with written text, digital stories can be used to enhance and accelerate student comprehension (Burmark, 2004; Robin, 2008). Making content and connections relevant to students’ lives helps bring meaning and purpose to instruction in all content areas. Dewey (1912) challenged educators to meet students where they are, and these students are in the kitchen. By using a documentary series that focuses upon what most interest these students, the learners are engaged and motivated to learn what is important to the understanding of their craft. If we look carefully at these documentary episodes we see that they make the language very real. It is part of the cooking and the culture. Food is an intimate part of any culture, as is languages. Therefore it is no surprise that they go well together. They are central to who we are and u nderstanding this idea helps us understand why these videos work so well. The lives of these students center around food. That is the center of their culture as culinary arts students. However, in order to become really great chefs, they must understand the food they cook and the culture in which it developed. In the first episode, Jamie Oliver says, himself, that he went to Italy to learn about the food and culture, to get away from his hectic life and absorb the Italian

Ethics project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics project - Essay Example Practicing the ethical requirements help in ensuring safety, health and the welfare of organizations and individuals because of the closeness in human and business relations. Engineers must abide by the code of ethics as stipulated by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE). The code articulates the significance of the decisions made by engineers that require full concentration, honesty, fairness and integrity. The misdeed by the responsible engineer is determined by his actions towards agreeing to sign off the project as complete in full knowledge that the software contained a bug. According to the prototype tests, a high number of airplanes led to the disappearance of one of them from the system. However, the boss convinced the engineer that the FAA would not detect the problem since she was aware of their testing methods (McFarland 1). As such, the boss managed to persuade the engineer to sign and as a result, with the full knowledge of the error in the software, the engineer signed off the software. In this case, the responsible engineer had the option of declining the signing off and delivery of the software to FAA until the error was corrected. With such an error, the software could mislead the traffic control personnel and lead to an air disaster. Such disasters lead to the destruction of property and loss of life. The responsible engineers can be held responsible for such disasters in a court of law. Additionally, such a misdeed can lead to the loss of practicing license as an engineer, blacklisting, being fired and a jail term. After signing the software off and delivering it to the FAA, the engineer broke several codes of ethics by deliberately approving a faulty software. According to the NSPE codes, the engineer breached Section 1.5 of the NSPE Code of Ethics that state, â€Å"Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall avoid deceptive acts.† The engineer also broke Section II.1.b of the NSPE

My Mentoring Account In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay

My Mentoring Account In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay This is my reflective account of my performance as a mentor in clinical setting, assessing the learning environment and the strategies used for teaching and assessing a student nurse. I have been mentoring student and newly qualified theatre practitioner for many years as a registered nurse for more than 20 years and as a qualified anaesthetic practitioner for 3 years. Working alongside with different mentors in the past help me to understand the different characteristics of being a mentor and developed my own style of facilitating learning within a clinical setting. I have unique experienced of conveying knowledge to others in a way that is comprehensible and significant through my work as a multi-skilled theatre practitioner. Because this assignment is a reflection of my performance in mentoring and assessing a student in nursing practice, Gibbs reflective cycle (1998) will be used the same model I used when I did my University post graduate course 3 years ago. Currently the hospital has program of mentoring university students and newly graduates. The program is in addition to the current program that familiarise students and new graduates to the theatre they will be assigned. It considers influencing the students learning experience by mentorship and assessment. The surgical setting as a learning environment will be examined and the accountability and value of the role of a mentor will be looked upon at. Finally, the overall performance of mentoring will be evaluated. To follow the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC2008) names will be changed and withheld confidential information and the student will be named as my mentee. According to the NMC (2006) students on NMC approved pre-registration nursing course be required to be supported and assessed by a mentor. The nurses / operating department practitioners selected to be mentors should be in the register and should be required to be up to date with their skills, knowledge and competencies with continuity. On the first day of my mentee right after her orientation, we have drawn up her learning opportunities so that there was an awareness of what my mentee hoped to gain from the operating theatre experience. As part of the course work one teaching session and one assessment were arranged. Teaching session includes informal and formal. The formal session happened in the theatre operating room and involved positioning of patients before surgery. My mentee was on her first clinical placement and is not familiar and no experience within a theatre setting. Present during the procedure were myself, my mentee, the rest of the theatre team and an unconscious patient under general anaesthesia. Before any learning lesson took place, it is crucial to build an effective working relationship with the student (Bally, J, 2007). Being kind to her and offering assistance for any needs she might have. My mentee feel that she is part of the team and that she wont feel alone. I build up her confidence by expressing to her that at any point of the teaching session if she did not understand a protocol, or why things were done, or why that thing is important, I will be there to explain and guide her. Learner must be made feel that they are welcome and important; this way will assist the learner to incorporate themselves into the clinical environment (Welsh and Swan 2006). Being approachable and friendly I was enabled to maintain a trusting and comfortable relationship beneficial to learning. My student felt that my character has a strong professional relationship throughout the learning experience. According to the student I am mentoring with, the relationship reduced her tension and anxiety which can affect her ability to learn. Anxiety in students happen to diminished when the mentors are capable of building good working relationship with the students for almost their entire placement (Slevin 2005). Openly welcoming and recognising my student in the team give her a sense of valued as an individual resulting in a positive effect on their self esteem. Personal attributes of the mentor is sometimes the number one barrier when creating effective learning experience. You need to be a good role model to be a good mentor. When I was a nursing student in my own country, I had mentors who were good role models where I learned more and given a chance to share my ideas and feel that I was valued. The results were I enjoyed my placement and excelled in my learning outcomes. To be a successful mentor, it is important that you will find ways to improve the learning environment. It can be a difficult task when creating suitable environment and can affect the learning experience. Nursing students has different backgrounds. Some had good experience working in a healthcare setting as healthcare assistant before entering to University while some just went straight to enrol in a nursing course; therefore, it is necessary to make an appropriate environment for each individual to take full advantage of the learning process (Lowenstein and Bradshaw 2004). The setting for the formal learning session was demanding as my mentee was not familiar working in a hospital theatre based environment. The chosen location was a theatre where it is located at the most secluded area to minimise interruption. This will ensure that my student will give her full attention during the teaching session. Evaluation of the learning process and assessment of the effectiveness of the session will help me to achieve by good planning of teaching session Hinchcliffe (2004). Numerous teaching sessions took place before assessment was done to guarantee that my mentee will feel confident and gained the necessary knowledge and skills to carry out the procedure. We involved each other thru direct questioning, discussion and observation and my mentee is fully aware that she has been assessed at the time of questioning. I taken into account in which the manner my mentee learns as it is important to recognize her learning style so that it can be incorporated to the learning material to facilitate effective learning (McNair et al 2007). Recognizing her individual learning style helps me to arrange her learning preferences. According to Kolb (1984) there are four distinct styles of learning or preferences which are based on four stages, diverging, assimilating, converging and accommodating learning styles. Although mentor and learner has different learning styles the NMC (2006) has developed a standard which point out that mentors have to strive and achieve best fit practice with the level and type of learners that they came upon in training as mentors and learners has different learning styles. It was felt that my mentee is a reflector as she likes to be given adequate time to think things through before reaching to conclusion. She also likes to observe in contrast to direct participation and slow to make up her mind and reach a decision as opposed to her as good in listening and assimilating information. For that reason the diverging learning style was applied for best possible learning. On a variety of occasions, it was clear that my mentee is good in watching a procedure before performing it. Prior to the start of any session, together we made proper visual checks and verbal questionings to the patient and noted in the pre-operative checklist. I pointed out that confirming the patients correct details is of paramount importance and one of the many safety issues she has to consider. Knowing that we have the correct person and the correct procedure, my mentee told me that she is happy and confident to proceed. Surgical room department is one of the most stressful environme nt in the hospital, thus, we give our student an assurance and support that they need from us. When doing the safety positioning of patient before surgery, I was talking to my mentee through the procedure step by step as I put the patient under anaesthesia, intubating and positioning the patient for a procedure. A number of questions followed to test my mentees understanding of the process and she correctly prioritised the order of step by step procedure. In this assessment, my mentee demonstrated theoretically her ability to integrate to the team to provide safe and effective care for the patient. It was also felt that my mentee was learning in an andragogical way, the teaching methods for adult learners, a term used by Knowles (1970). This became obvious when drawing up her learning opportunities. As the formal session involved not only my mentee it was felt that all different types of the learning styles should be consider as every student had their own styles of learning. Realising what the individual characters and needs is important for learning to be effective. Audio-visual materials were used for teaching as this type of learning aids can speed up learning through the use of diverse senses (Neeraja 2008).It is evident that group work allowed the student to produce a working relationship and expectation and it made the learning environment enjoyable and gives me a greater insight into different learning styles when doing it within a group. A written self-assessment followed the session to support my student to assess her strengths and weaknesses. This style of assessment can be valuable for the students as when they assessed themselves can occasionally focus on a negative or limitation. This gives me a chance to advise and correct the weakness and help to point out positi ve aspects of my mentees practice (Welsh and Swann 2006). I told my mentee that she needs to improve her self confidence to make a speedy safe decision before and during a procedure. I also pointed out some concerns on her practice document leaving it out to the last minute and be assertive enough to get it filled in at a regular intervals. Also discussed was her progress and conversely how she taught she was doing. At this point I discussed her development and that she is progressing well and that I was very pleased with her overall performance. I ended the review of her performance with a sandwich feedback (Hinchcliff 2004). It consists of giving not so good feedback inserted between positive feedbacks. My mentee was pleased to fulfil her learning objectives and that she enjoyed the way teaching happens as I took into consideration her individual learning style. She pointed out that an up to date induction pack before placement will be of big help as it makes her less anxious about working in the different surgical department after only having her hospital placements. An action plan has been drawn in response to this. The website directory of the university has been made up to date so students can now access up to date information in relation to this placement. Students should be provided with an induction pack as it will prepare them for the placement ahead (RCN 2007). On reflection the learning experience in general was very encouraging as my mentee was able to accomplish her competencies in an environment conducive to learning. I was able to established effective working relationship and leadership with by influencing and being a role model. By acting as a role model in clinical setting and looking to address natural obstacles in the surgical theatres as operating room are known to be full of activity and issues with staffing levels which contribute to effectiveness on the quality of assessing students (Phillips et al, 2000). I probably could not only develop myself and my student but also other mentors conduct and practice in a constructive way (Girvin 1998). My mentee has given me a positive feedback on my performance as her mentor and made very supportive and encouraging comments. She felt she was fully integrated into the learning environment and thought she was part of the surgical team. Upon reflecting on what I have found difficult about the learning experience, I found that as a mentor I can be faced with different forms of liability as I should be able to validate the marks given for an assessment. As a registered professional, I am accountable in the decisions I will make and must act in the best interests of service users (HCPC 2012). This is obviously no different to the role of the mentor and assessment of student in clinical practice. For that reason, assessing my students competencies brings the same responsibility I have to my patients (Jarvis and Gibson, 1997). After much examination and evaluation of the whole learning experience, I am looking forward to further develop my role as mentor to be a good contributor in educating future nurses. I will attempt to speak more slowly and clearly and learning more about my student before the assessment. I would consider gaining feedback of my student performance from my colleagues as it would allow taking into account the view of other professionals to promote clinical excellence and professionalism. To conclude, mentoring and assessing is fundamental in helping the student to have a complete learning experience. Mentors and student should outline their aims and objectives at the beginning and a professional relationship should be preserved throughout. Assessing nursing student is paramount in delivering a safe and competent nursing care.

Black Boy :: essays papers

Black Boy Richard has many different ideas on how to deal with racism. Throughout the entire first part of the book he makes many references as to what he believes could help the problem. Although the most frequent method he practiced to deal with racism was acceptance, Richard does not believe this is the best way to handle it. Richard believes that educating oneself about racism bests combats the problem. Through education, Richard thinks that people can more easily come to realize how severe the problem is. He believes that far too many people are simply accepting racism because they don't know what it is like to live without it, and have no idea how to go about ridding themselves of the problem. Richard feels that if both whites and blacks could know what it would be like without the institution of racism running many of the aspects of their daily lives, then both races would benefit from this knowledge and change the nature of many of their actions. The belief that people need to be educated about the subject is commonly supported throughout the text. Entering the seventh grade Richard first realizes that racism is never talked about seriously. He thinks to himself, "Nothing about the problems of Negroes was ever taught about in school; and whenever I would raise these questions with the boys, they would either remain silent or turn the subject into a joke. They were vocal about the petty individual wrongs they suffered, but they possessed no desire for a knowledge of the picture as a whole.". This shows how Richard is aware of the lack of education, and also brings to light his misunderstanding of why there was a lack of education. Richard believed at this time that the reason blacks were not educated about the subject and nothing was ever done was because of white authority. The truth was the reason lied much deeper into the human character, and originated equally, if not more, from action the blacks took (or didn't take). Many southern blacks at this time had no idea of what life without racism would be like (besides the 'fairy tales' of a non-racist northern society). And because of most peoples' natural desire to maintain traditions (and promote a static reality), even when changing traditions would prove beneficial far in excess of the costs of the change, the majority blacks themselves in the south took no real action to promote change.

Leaders Are Born Not Made

ESSAY TITLE: LEADERS ARE BORN NOT MADE AUTHOR: AYODELE OLATOYE SUMMARY: The essay refutes the viewpoint that leaders are born not made, and seeks to establish through valid arguments, illustrations and documented evidence that leaders are actually made and not born WORD COUNT: 1920 LEADERS ARE BORN NOT MADE Folklore has lulled us into believing that some people are born leaders while others are not.Regardless of tribe, ethnicity or race, most people can trace their origins back to a monarchical or feudal system where the offspring of the reigning family found themselves thrust into leadership positions regardless of their inclinations to rule or not. To further impress this upon our collective psyches, the legends of such royal ancestors are interwoven with thrilling notions of romantic adventure and grandeur, and we unwittingly find ourselves mentally acquiescing to the untruth that some people are born to lead while others are destined to merely follow.History has however proven ot herwise; leaders are made not born. The fall of monarchical systems of government occurred slowly but surely over centuries, as it became apparent to all that leadership is to be earned, and is not a birthright. Nobility was no longer a question of bloodline but of courage, strength of character and the ability to motivate your peers to follow you in achieving a common goal. Some critics would argue that the most prominent features of leaders such as courage, charisma and strength are personality traits which are inherited and cannot be taught (Colleen 2012).Research has however shown that the human personality is extremely malleable, and under the right tutelage and exposure to carefully calibrated exercises, leadership attributes can be developed by anyone who is willing to invest the required amount of time and energy to achieve these results (Parks 2005). It has also been argued that another key requirement for leadership is pleasant good looks which are an inherited feature (Co lleen 2012).This is however an unsubstantiated assumption and perhaps is only relevant in the realm of politics where the ability to assume an office is often indicative of a strong political machinery backing you, and not your ability to lead and motivate. True leadership is not an office but a lifestyle. Mahatma Ghandi may not have qualified as a prospect for GQ’s cover page but he is undisputedly one of the most influential leaders in modern history. Perhaps it would be instructive to clarify who a leader is before proceeding further. ‘A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a certain goal’ (Merriam-Webster n. . ). Leaders exist in almost every facet and sphere of life we may choose to examine; the family unit, schools, religious organisations, business institutions and states. The manner in which they influence people varies from individual to individual. One of the areas which has witnessed the most review and analysi s is the business environment, where the efficacy of a leader could determine whether an organisation thrives or goes under, and with it the fates of staff, shareholders and other stakeholders whose livelihoods are inexorably linked to the business.We will therefore restrict our review to the attributes of a successful business leader and an analysis of whether such traits are inherited or cultivated. One key trait which most of the literature written on great business leaders agree on as a required characteristic is excellent communication skills. A leader must be able to clearly communicate his vision in compelling terms that will motivate his team to follow him into the thick of the fray, be it the floor of the New York Stock exchange or into the last quarter of the year where the sales figures will determine whether the organisation sinks or swims.Is the ability to communicate convincingly an inborn trait? History would lead us to believe otherwise. According to folklore, Demost henes was the most famed of Greek orators whose first attempt at public speaking earned him the derision of his peers for his efforts (Horne 2007). Through dedication and the proper tutelage, he overcame a speech handicap and eventually became a voice that all of Greece respected. In the modern world, the abundance of voice coaches and public speaking training material points to the fact that excellent communication skills can be learnt.In addition, as organisations continue to grow in size and staffing, an increasing amount of the intra-organisational communication is written and no longer verbal. CEOs communicate their vision and the company’s direction to the entire staff via written emails. Though some critics may maintain that good communication skills are inherited, it is unlikely that even the strongest proponents of this view will believe that the ability to type concise emails is an inborn talent. Another important leadership trait is passion; passion is infectious n d galvanises those around you into pouring their energy into the goals you have set. It is obviously apparent that some people are naturally more passionate than others and this is inarguably an inborn personality trait. As a leader however, you are not required to be passionate about every single thing; you however must be passionate about your job, your organisation and the objectives you have set. In the book ‘Who Am I; The Quest for Entrepreneurial Identity’, Charles Y. Murnieks states ‘†¦ ntrepreneurial passion is significantly related to the setting of proximal goals’ (Murnieks 2008). This suggests that any leader who is fiercely committed to a goal inadvertently becomes passionate about it. Goal setting and focus is a trait which can definitely be taught and are the precursors to the passion that a great leader needs. On the other hand, being a passionate person in a general sense is no guarantee of great leadership. On the contrary, passion tha t is not built on predetermined goals may lead to emotional decisions which could destroy an organisation.A third important leadership trait is courage. In the course of running an organisation, a leader must have the courage to take decisions which could either make or break that organisation. Whether it is choosing the sectors to invest businesses capital in or selling off an ailing subsidiary, his courage will constantly be put to test. He must also have the courage to face his staff with candour and give unpleasant feedback to an employee who may not be pulling his weight.A study by Daniel Goleman surprisingly revealed that fearlessness, amongst others, is often an inherited trait (Goleman 1986). It appears that some children are born with a higher threshold of fear and risk aversion than others. An insensitivity to fear however does not necessarily make a courageous leader. In the article ‘The Meaning of Courage’, Richard Zinbarg states ‘In my view, however, we cannot be courageous or strong in situations in which we have no fear or anxiety whatsoever’ (Zinbarg 2010). Courage is the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, pain, etc. despite anxiety or fear’ (Rachman 1978). This thus means that the quality of courage which one needs to have to be an effective leader is not ingrained at birth, but rather is developed over time by the habit of constantly facing ones fears. Many leadership training organisations teach this trait with rock climbing or mountain climbing exercises, which will gradually help the students face down their fears and take challenges head on.The military also recruit young men and women into their ranks and through trainings, exercises and exposure to real armed conflict situations, gradually shape them into courageous combat ready soldiers. This is perhaps one of the reasons why the American people had until recently only voted ex-military political candidates into office; they naturally believed that these men would have cultivated the traits of strength and fearlessness during their time in the military. Integrity is another important attribute of a good leader.The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines integrity as the ‘firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values (Merriam-Webster n. d. ). Are some people born with integrity whilst others are born with a propensity for deceit and inconsistency? Research shows that children growing up are prone to adopt the moral code and values which their models exhibit from birth to about the age of 7, when they begin to observe and appraise the results of actions on subjects as well as the attendant repercussions.They then begin to form their own value system which continues to be shaped throughout their lives (Thomas 1993). Integrity is a learned attribute and leaders can therefore not be born with it; it is an acquired trait. A review of the biographies of great leaders often refer to defining moments in their lives where experiences occurred that shaped and defined their moral codes for the rest of their lives. One of the greatest examples of this is the story of President Abraham Lincoln, fondly known as ‘Honest Abe’ by the people of America.He exposed himself at a very early age to character moulding literature that extolled the virtues of integrity and individual struggle, thereby internalising the accounts of other great men and consciously adopting their moral codes (Carwardine 2003). The mere fact that peer pressure, lack of a proper family structure and environmental/ community factors have been identified as three of the main contributing factors to teen crime (Muhammad 2008) establish that integrity or the lack of it is a learned behaviour and not an inherited trait.This is one of the reasons why juvenile corrective authorities always seek foster parents for adolescents whom they perceive to be in danger of being corrupted by their soci ety. The human race has made exceptional leaps in the past century on numerous frontiers; medicine, law, science, technology, and most of the other endeavours we have focused our mental energy and resources on. In the business world, the number of registered companies (either with physical or virtual offices) is rising quickly and with it the portfolio and profile of its owners and managers.The leaders of these advancements and breakthroughs did not let questions of their genetic predisposition to leadership deter them from achieving the feats they have accomplished. Proposing that leadership is a birthright and therefore the exclusive right of a privileged few would be encouraging scores of people to abdicate their natural duty of being the best version of themselves they possibly can, encouraging them to ignore the plethora of opportunities to lead and make a difference, encouraging them to give up at the first sign of difficulty.The last and arguably the most important trait of a great leader is faith; faith in his ability to lead his team and actually make a difference. It is only by understanding that great leaders are made and not born that we can have the faith to put ourselves through the gruelling process it takes to shape our minds and bodies, and thereby become the exceptional leaders that we all can be.Bibliography Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln. London, 2003. Colleen, Sharen. â€Å"Leaders are Born not Made. † Thinking is Hard Work, 2012. Goleman, Daniel. â€Å"New York Times. † New York Times, 2 December 1986. Horne, C. F. Heritage History. History Curriculum Homeschool, 2007. Merriam-Webster. â€Å"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. † http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/integrity. Muhammad, Ali. Youth Crime; Causes and Remedies. 2008. Murnieks, Charles Y. Whom Am I; The Quest for Entrepreneural Identity. 2008. Parks, Sharon Daloz. â€Å"Leadership Can Be Taught: A Bold Approach for a Complex World. † 2005: 5-6. Rachman, Stanley. Fear and Courage. 1978. Thomas, Laurence. Morality and Psychological Development. Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1993. Zinbarg, Richard. The Meaning of Courage. 2010. Leaders Are Born Not Made ESSAY TITLE: LEADERS ARE BORN NOT MADE AUTHOR: AYODELE OLATOYE SUMMARY: The essay refutes the viewpoint that leaders are born not made, and seeks to establish through valid arguments, illustrations and documented evidence that leaders are actually made and not born WORD COUNT: 1920 LEADERS ARE BORN NOT MADE Folklore has lulled us into believing that some people are born leaders while others are not.Regardless of tribe, ethnicity or race, most people can trace their origins back to a monarchical or feudal system where the offspring of the reigning family found themselves thrust into leadership positions regardless of their inclinations to rule or not. To further impress this upon our collective psyches, the legends of such royal ancestors are interwoven with thrilling notions of romantic adventure and grandeur, and we unwittingly find ourselves mentally acquiescing to the untruth that some people are born to lead while others are destined to merely follow.History has however proven ot herwise; leaders are made not born. The fall of monarchical systems of government occurred slowly but surely over centuries, as it became apparent to all that leadership is to be earned, and is not a birthright. Nobility was no longer a question of bloodline but of courage, strength of character and the ability to motivate your peers to follow you in achieving a common goal. Some critics would argue that the most prominent features of leaders such as courage, charisma and strength are personality traits which are inherited and cannot be taught (Colleen 2012).Research has however shown that the human personality is extremely malleable, and under the right tutelage and exposure to carefully calibrated exercises, leadership attributes can be developed by anyone who is willing to invest the required amount of time and energy to achieve these results (Parks 2005). It has also been argued that another key requirement for leadership is pleasant good looks which are an inherited feature (Co lleen 2012).This is however an unsubstantiated assumption and perhaps is only relevant in the realm of politics where the ability to assume an office is often indicative of a strong political machinery backing you, and not your ability to lead and motivate. True leadership is not an office but a lifestyle. Mahatma Ghandi may not have qualified as a prospect for GQ’s cover page but he is undisputedly one of the most influential leaders in modern history. Perhaps it would be instructive to clarify who a leader is before proceeding further. ‘A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a certain goal’ (Merriam-Webster n. . ). Leaders exist in almost every facet and sphere of life we may choose to examine; the family unit, schools, religious organisations, business institutions and states. The manner in which they influence people varies from individual to individual. One of the areas which has witnessed the most review and analysi s is the business environment, where the efficacy of a leader could determine whether an organisation thrives or goes under, and with it the fates of staff, shareholders and other stakeholders whose livelihoods are inexorably linked to the business.We will therefore restrict our review to the attributes of a successful business leader and an analysis of whether such traits are inherited or cultivated. One key trait which most of the literature written on great business leaders agree on as a required characteristic is excellent communication skills. A leader must be able to clearly communicate his vision in compelling terms that will motivate his team to follow him into the thick of the fray, be it the floor of the New York Stock exchange or into the last quarter of the year where the sales figures will determine whether the organisation sinks or swims.Is the ability to communicate convincingly an inborn trait? History would lead us to believe otherwise. According to folklore, Demost henes was the most famed of Greek orators whose first attempt at public speaking earned him the derision of his peers for his efforts (Horne 2007). Through dedication and the proper tutelage, he overcame a speech handicap and eventually became a voice that all of Greece respected. In the modern world, the abundance of voice coaches and public speaking training material points to the fact that excellent communication skills can be learnt.In addition, as organisations continue to grow in size and staffing, an increasing amount of the intra-organisational communication is written and no longer verbal. CEOs communicate their vision and the company’s direction to the entire staff via written emails. Though some critics may maintain that good communication skills are inherited, it is unlikely that even the strongest proponents of this view will believe that the ability to type concise emails is an inborn talent. Another important leadership trait is passion; passion is infectious n d galvanises those around you into pouring their energy into the goals you have set. It is obviously apparent that some people are naturally more passionate than others and this is inarguably an inborn personality trait. As a leader however, you are not required to be passionate about every single thing; you however must be passionate about your job, your organisation and the objectives you have set. In the book ‘Who Am I; The Quest for Entrepreneurial Identity’, Charles Y. Murnieks states ‘†¦ ntrepreneurial passion is significantly related to the setting of proximal goals’ (Murnieks 2008). This suggests that any leader who is fiercely committed to a goal inadvertently becomes passionate about it. Goal setting and focus is a trait which can definitely be taught and are the precursors to the passion that a great leader needs. On the other hand, being a passionate person in a general sense is no guarantee of great leadership. On the contrary, passion tha t is not built on predetermined goals may lead to emotional decisions which could destroy an organisation.A third important leadership trait is courage. In the course of running an organisation, a leader must have the courage to take decisions which could either make or break that organisation. Whether it is choosing the sectors to invest businesses capital in or selling off an ailing subsidiary, his courage will constantly be put to test. He must also have the courage to face his staff with candour and give unpleasant feedback to an employee who may not be pulling his weight.A study by Daniel Goleman surprisingly revealed that fearlessness, amongst others, is often an inherited trait (Goleman 1986). It appears that some children are born with a higher threshold of fear and risk aversion than others. An insensitivity to fear however does not necessarily make a courageous leader. In the article ‘The Meaning of Courage’, Richard Zinbarg states ‘In my view, however, we cannot be courageous or strong in situations in which we have no fear or anxiety whatsoever’ (Zinbarg 2010). Courage is the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, pain, etc. despite anxiety or fear’ (Rachman 1978). This thus means that the quality of courage which one needs to have to be an effective leader is not ingrained at birth, but rather is developed over time by the habit of constantly facing ones fears. Many leadership training organisations teach this trait with rock climbing or mountain climbing exercises, which will gradually help the students face down their fears and take challenges head on.The military also recruit young men and women into their ranks and through trainings, exercises and exposure to real armed conflict situations, gradually shape them into courageous combat ready soldiers. This is perhaps one of the reasons why the American people had until recently only voted ex-military political candidates into office; they naturally believed that these men would have cultivated the traits of strength and fearlessness during their time in the military. Integrity is another important attribute of a good leader.The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines integrity as the ‘firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values (Merriam-Webster n. d. ). Are some people born with integrity whilst others are born with a propensity for deceit and inconsistency? Research shows that children growing up are prone to adopt the moral code and values which their models exhibit from birth to about the age of 7, when they begin to observe and appraise the results of actions on subjects as well as the attendant repercussions.They then begin to form their own value system which continues to be shaped throughout their lives (Thomas 1993). Integrity is a learned attribute and leaders can therefore not be born with it; it is an acquired trait. A review of the biographies of great leaders often refer to defining moments in their lives where experiences occurred that shaped and defined their moral codes for the rest of their lives. One of the greatest examples of this is the story of President Abraham Lincoln, fondly known as ‘Honest Abe’ by the people of America.He exposed himself at a very early age to character moulding literature that extolled the virtues of integrity and individual struggle, thereby internalising the accounts of other great men and consciously adopting their moral codes (Carwardine 2003). The mere fact that peer pressure, lack of a proper family structure and environmental/ community factors have been identified as three of the main contributing factors to teen crime (Muhammad 2008) establish that integrity or the lack of it is a learned behaviour and not an inherited trait.This is one of the reasons why juvenile corrective authorities always seek foster parents for adolescents whom they perceive to be in danger of being corrupted by their soci ety. The human race has made exceptional leaps in the past century on numerous frontiers; medicine, law, science, technology, and most of the other endeavours we have focused our mental energy and resources on. In the business world, the number of registered companies (either with physical or virtual offices) is rising quickly and with it the portfolio and profile of its owners and managers.The leaders of these advancements and breakthroughs did not let questions of their genetic predisposition to leadership deter them from achieving the feats they have accomplished. Proposing that leadership is a birthright and therefore the exclusive right of a privileged few would be encouraging scores of people to abdicate their natural duty of being the best version of themselves they possibly can, encouraging them to ignore the plethora of opportunities to lead and make a difference, encouraging them to give up at the first sign of difficulty.The last and arguably the most important trait of a great leader is faith; faith in his ability to lead his team and actually make a difference. It is only by understanding that great leaders are made and not born that we can have the faith to put ourselves through the gruelling process it takes to shape our minds and bodies, and thereby become the exceptional leaders that we all can be.Bibliography Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln. London, 2003. Colleen, Sharen. â€Å"Leaders are Born not Made. † Thinking is Hard Work, 2012. Goleman, Daniel. â€Å"New York Times. † New York Times, 2 December 1986. Horne, C. F. Heritage History. History Curriculum Homeschool, 2007. Merriam-Webster. â€Å"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. † http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/integrity. Muhammad, Ali. Youth Crime; Causes and Remedies. 2008. Murnieks, Charles Y. Whom Am I; The Quest for Entrepreneural Identity. 2008. Parks, Sharon Daloz. â€Å"Leadership Can Be Taught: A Bold Approach for a Complex World. † 2005: 5-6. Rachman, Stanley. Fear and Courage. 1978. Thomas, Laurence. Morality and Psychological Development. Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1993. Zinbarg, Richard. The Meaning of Courage. 2010.