The Environment Was Dark - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 745 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? As children in this time period, we consider school as our job. We go there for 8 hours every day and do classwork. Imagine our school was rarely cleaned and has no heat or air conditioning. We would be miserable. This is how women and children felt during the Industrial Revolution. They also had to struggle with how the workplace owners treated them. Everything was unsanitary and unsafe for everyone. After all that happened during the Industrial Revolution, factories horrible conditions and affected women and children in many ways.To begin, factory conditions during the Industrial Revolution were not pretty. The environment was dark, dirty, full of smoke from many machines, and not safe. Since the rooms were so small, with so many people in it, diseases spread rapidly. This also caused many deaths due to their lack of medicine (Poddar). This was a problem to workplace owners because they would rather pay people wages than pay their medical bills. Many workers developed deformities, such as lung diseases and eye problem, due to the lack of sunlight, physical activity, lack of education, and an excessive amount of dirt and dust from the machines (Hon). The air wasnt good for the workers, but neither was the temperature. Factories did not have heating or cooling, so they had to deal with the temperatures outside. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Environment Was Dark" essay for you Create order If it was cold outside, the workers would freeze. If it was hot outside, the workers would melt. They couldnt even open windows due to the fact that the threads didnt work well when the wind blew (Female Worker of Lowell). This means that no matter what it was like, the workers had to deal with it if they wanted a job and to get paid. Although these conditions seem very bad, women had it worse. Secondly, women working in factories during the Industrial Revolution struggled with how they were treated. For example, women got paid †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"   sometimes even   of what men got. The reason women were even hired in the first place is because factory owners wanted cheap labor and working machines (Hon). As explained in the previous paragraph, factory conditions were not the best. Since women were replaceable, owners didnt care about the workplace conditions. As for their actual jobs, young women pulled sleds or carts full of coal. This caused lots of childbirth deaths due to the reforming of pelvic bones (Hon). So, not only do they make girls lives miserable, they also mess with the population. Some jobs women took on were watchmaking, candy manufacturing, carpet weaving, rope making, spinning, carding, and weaving (Manual Labor). After doing these jobs during a long day at work, most girls were very fatigued. Besides how they were treated, women were considered to be a big part of the factory labor forces (Manual Labor). Without them, factories wouldnt have been producing as many products as they were. Although women have it tough, imagine what the children have to go through. Lastly, the factory conditions, during the industrial revolution, affected children in America. Children 4 years and older were forced to work long hours in order to support their family (Child Labor). Because of the small wages, it was required in that time period for children to work alongside their parents. Its very wrong for children to live that lifestyle. It should be playing first, then working next (Child Labor). Not the other way around.   During these forced work hours, children filled boxes and pans full of beans, berries, and tomatoes. Even that seemed too hard for them (Child Labor). When they were too small to sit up, workers would put them on their lap or stow them away in boxes. (Child Labor). Thats not even the worst of it. If children working in mines fell asleep on the job, theyd be excessively beaten by the owners of the workplace. The factories conditions also played a factor in the childrens lives. Unguarded belts and wheels from machines were very unsafe for them. Some even compared how they were treated to slavery (Child Labor). In conclusion, The industrial revolution factory conditions affected both women and children in the United States. Factory conditions were very bad during the industrial revolution. This caused Women and children to suffer during work hours. They struggled through the heat, cold, and disgusting environment in factories. Each little thing affected women and children in large ways. Think about how you would feel if these things still applied today? Would you be happy or miserable?

Writing Reflection - 873 Words

Throughout my first semester at the University of Portland, the quality of my writing progressively increased. My English 112 class contained many different activities that contributed to helping me become a better writer. Informal writing assignments, class discussions, peer review sessions and the writing center were just some of the resources available to me that helped progress not only my writing ability but my overall reading writing analysis skills as well. Not only did I make new relationships with my peers, these relationships also helped me understand the content more thoroughly, work out any problems that I had with my ideas, and encourage me to be more social among my fellow classmates as well. Nearing the end of this†¦show more content†¦Class discussions were a great way to not only formulate my thoughts on the reading, but also to be able to share them with the class and hear others ideas as well. Ive always felt that when it comes to reading literature in an academic manner it is extremely helpful to hear multiple points of view on the same text. This allows me to be able to compare my ideas with my peers and engage in productive discussions in a classroom environment. Additionally, class discussions allowed me to establish a rapport with my classmates. Some classes, specifically those solely based off lecturing, do not allow classmates to get to know each other. However in this class, the discussions allowed me to get to know my peers much better than I otherwise would have. Having these relationships with my fellow classmates helped progress my reading and writing skills over the course of the semester as well. If I had a question about the content of the reading, I did not have to rely on setting up an appointment and hoping the time would work with my schedule. Instead, I could reach out to one of my classmates and work through the problems that we had together. In fact, Ive found that working together to get through a problem help s me understand the solution and root of the problem more than if I just asked for help. Similarly with the class discussions, peerShow MoreRelatedReflection On Writing1013 Words   |  5 Pagesmy writing 120 class I faced a myriad of difficulties in efforts to complete my writing assignments. Assignments such as: a memoir, rhetorical analysis, and blog were relatively new writing concepts I have not yet explored, and with the completion of each, I must say I have grown as a writer. College courses such as writing 120 are futile to the success of students who wish to grow professionally as writers in whichever field of business he or she may choose to pursue. To conclude my writing 120Read MoreWriting Reflection959 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I first started elementary school I was horrible at writing and speaking English, despite English being my first and only fluent language. 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Although in Writing 101, I used the multiple steps of the writing process to insert my ideas into a well-written paper, I continued to struggle in areas such as grammar and mechanics. In Writ 102, I was able to realize that the writing

Project Management and Project Success

Question: Discuss about the Project Management and Project Success. Answer: Objective The objective of this project is to evaluate critically the relationship between project management and the success of a project in the construction industry. This project also aims at analyzing the possibility for delivering a successful construction project without exercising techniques of project management. Specific Objectives Specific objectives of this project involve critical evaluation of the impact of project management on success rate of a project in the construction industry. Analysis of possibility for delivering successful construction project without the application of techniques of project management is the second objective. The assessment of risks regarding project management in construction industry is the third objective of this project. Finally, the fourth objective is to provide recommendations for mitigating the identified issues. Introduction/Background Huge investments are done by organization on projects, which is approximately 20% of the worlds GDP. However success rate, which is achieved by the projects, are very low especially in construction industry in which around 20% projects were cancelled before commencement of project (Alias 2014). Proper project management ensures a construction project to be successful with economical resources, meeting project objectives and project completion on deadline. Without project management, there are slight possibility of successful project delivery that entirely depends on the type, complexity and constraints of the projects. This project has been chosen to highlight and analyze the possibility of project successful delivery without applying project management techniques in construction industries. The current project also sheds light on the impact of project management on success rate of projects in construction industry. Rationale behind this project is also to identify risks associated with project management that will help to provide recommendations on improvement of project success rate. Explicit Knowledge Project management comprises of necessary tools and techniques of a project manager to successfully enhance and improve project execution quality, meet project objectives and complete the project on deadline. Thus, a project manager applies the techniques to obtain project requirements through cost benefit analysis, risk assessment and mitigation, time management and construction management. According to Alzahrani (2013), success rate of a project only is enhanced due to various factors like understanding the strategic objectives of a project clearly. Once the project objectives are understood, it becomes easier to manage the team of construction workers and engineers by the project manager. Thus, the project manager to the team should communicate definition of the scope of the project. The project manager is also responsible for communicating project technicalities to team members consisting of workers and engineers. Moreover, safety requirements should also be communicated and crea ted awareness through training and development among workers and engineers by the project manager (Beringer 2013). Resources required and reliability of the project is a major factor that is assesses usually by project managers. During assessment, the key competency factor that comes into play is leadership ability of the project manager. Leadership ability of the project manager ensures team motivation and identification of risks and its mitigation techniques applied successfully. Leadership also enables the project manager to manage a change within the project successfully and create organizational and environmental characteristics. As per Davis (2014), a project manager should also possess adequate technical skills that increases competency in identifying, assessing and evaluating technical issues and risks such as design of complicated structure, structural building materials assessment, quality of products, defect in construction procedures and estimation. Several construction projects are executed with less or no project management techniques applied. Construction of small pavements, culverts, roof slabs, refurbishment of small buildings and short walkways construction are few projects that do not involve any project management techniques. Experienced construction workers and contractors often carry out these projects. The major factors involved in construction without project management are team building ability in which the experienced construction workers together complete the construction process as per their experience and knowledge without prior scheduling or planning. Their contractors do improvisation manually and there is less scope of trust building capacity among the construction workers. However around 50% of the constructions in the world has been done without any construction management techniques applied (Gemnden 2015). Initial Findings It has been found that success rate of a project increases with application of project management techniques such as motivation and communication used by project managers to construction workers and engineers to promote and create awareness regarding project scope and objectives. Once the objectives are clearly promoted to the team, it has been found that the success rate chance increases by 80% as employees get motivated to provide their best competency towards project. Training and development provided to the team by project manager also plays an important role as new employees gets competent and familiar with various techniques of the construction such as piling, DMC, construction of slabs, floors, walls, foundations, piers, pile caps and highways. Adequate safety and security programs conducted at construction sites are also necessary to be delivered by project managers to team regarding use of safety belts at high construction, use of safety boot to prevent leg injury, use of helmets to safeguard heads from concrete debris and reflective jackets to look visible from distance (Mir 2014). All these safety instruction when delivered to team by project managers makes them competent and aware regarding safety and thus any accidents or mishaps are prevented facilitating the rate of success. According to Pollack (2014), the technical knowledge regarding the project also makes project managers competent in understanding technical risks to be assessed and any technical specifications that needs to be revised or clarified like revised drawings of the pile caps or any possibility of cold joint formation due to non-monolithic nature of concrete planning. The resource and materials required for projects also needs to be assessed by the project manager through application of project management techniques in quality control and ensure that project objectives are achieved by deadline. Finally, it is found that success rate of construction projects without application for project management techniques is low due to lack of proper knowledge and prior scheduling making the project impossible to commence within deadline and least risk management that ultimately ends up with shortage or surplus resources and building materials for construction. Lack of proper communication also ends u p in poor team cooperation and issues among the workers (Serra 2015). Reference List Alias, Z., Zawawi, E.M.A., Yusof, K. and Aris, N.M., 2014. Determining critical success factors of project management practice: A conceptual framework.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,153(3), pp.61-69. Alzahrani, J.I. and Emsley, M.W., 2013. The impact of contractors attributes on construction project success: A post construction evaluation.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.313-322. Beringer, C., Jonas, D. and Kock, A., 2013. Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.830-846. Davis, K., 2014. Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.189-201. Gemnden, H.G., 2015. Success Factors of Global New Product Development Programs, the Definition of Project Success, Knowledge Sharing, and Special Issues of Project Management Journal.Project Management Journal,46(1), pp.2-11. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Pollack, J. and Algeo, C., 2015. The contribution of project management and change management to project success.The Business Management Review,6(2), p.22-26. Serra, C.E.M. and Kunc, M., 2015. Benefits Realisation Management and its influence on project success and on the execution of business strategies.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.53-66.

We Wear The Mask Essays - The Mask, The Mask Animated Series, Mask

We Wear The Mask Analysis of ?We Wear the Mask? In one of Paul Lawrence Dunbar's most famous poem's ?We Wear the Mask,? he describes the harsh reality of the black race in America and how they hide their grief, sadness, and broken hearts under a mask for a survival strategy towards whites. ?We wear the mask that grins and lies, It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes, This debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, And mouth with myriad subtleties.? In the first verse, the mask is taken off. The ?We? of the poem describes the black community that lives a double life, the masked and the unmasked. Dunbar included the word ?mask? in his poem because historically it was a false deceptive role-playing that was acceptable for a survival strategy by blacks and it maintained a sense of empowerment in a racial society. The word ?lies? is a simple word but the mask not only lies to the whites, but to the person who is wearing the mask that start to live by it. Dunbar uses the word ?mouth? as a verb, which intensifies our expressive genuine facial features that never lies. In life, the mask is the concealment of those features that reveal tears that give quality to a smile. The masks when worn is always smiling but underneath are the torn and broken heart of one's soul and ?this debt we pay to human guile.? The debt that the black community is paying dearly by wearing the mask everyday for the cunning white race with ?myriad subtleties?, t he black race that wants to speak out and be heard. ?Why should the world be otherwise, In counting all our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while We wear the mask.? The second verse, the mask is replaced. The word ?overwise?, Dunbar recognizes that the black people knew too much for their own good. They knew that if they were to speak out that they would be condemned for knowing too much in which they struggled for equality from the white race and peace within. In the last three lines of the second verse emphasis their hurt when they are not around the white race and how they are trapped under the mask. We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries To thee from tortured souls arise. We sing, but oh the clay is vile Beneath our feet, and long the mile; But let the world dream otherwise, We wear the mask! In the words ?We smile?, it shows that they wear their smiling mask everyday with tortured souls beneath and that they pray to Christ to find peace in the awful world they live in. The words ?clay is vile? sets the setting for slavery on a plantation in the south where clay is popular. The plantation is where they worked and lived. Which did whites that treated blacks with disgust own. The words ?world dream otherwise,? says that the otherwise will turn their head the other way and think differently. Some of them will die with their mask on and never realizing the truth or some will wake up without the mask and reveal the truth that it is wrong. In Paul Lawrence Dunbar's poem, he links it to the black race and uses extended metaphor to have a penetrating insight to the reality of the frowned upon race in America, that struggles for equality and peace within a racial society. Bibliography In one of Paul Lawrence Dunbar's most famous poem's ?We Wear the Mask,? he describes the harsh reality of the black race in America and how they hide their grief, sadness, and broken hearts under a mask for a survival strategy towards whites.

Free Essays on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Ambition

Compare and Contrast: Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Ambition, the world’s driving force to achieve their goals. Ambition is a characteristic of human nature, which, if expressed in an evil manner, can turn the entire person evil. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are great examples of these types of people. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, they are torn apart due to their excessive hunger for power. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a driving ambition that turns each of them into a spiral of guilt and evil. They are both very stubborn and set in their ways this is proven when Macbeth does not want to change his mind about killing Duncan. Their thriving ruthlessness combined is almost unstoppable, and it is their fuel to commit the terrible deeds that they do. Though they are similar in many ways, they also have many differences, which include the changing of power throughout the play. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very close but a rather strange one. There are a lot of things that Macbeth does not understand about Lady Macbeth, that she knows about him, for example, she knows his weakness of character and his strengths. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth is the stronger of the two. Although it was the witches who told Macbeth he will be king, it was Lady Macbeth who uses her art of persuasion, and knowledge of Macbeths weaknesses, to make him kill the king. Lady Macbeth uses persuasion, another factor that helps her over power Macbeth, from their first meeting and throughout the play. She also uses her knowledge she has of him, to add to the task of persuading him, she knows how to get him motivated. Due to Macbeth’s lack of knowledge of his spouse, he is unable to prevent her. Many factors like persuasion and ambition are a big part in the couple's relationship. Macbeth starts to take control when he slaughters the guards. Lady Macbeth was not ready for this and for a little while Macbeth is in control of the ... Free Essays on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Ambition Free Essays on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Ambition Compare and Contrast: Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Ambition, the world’s driving force to achieve their goals. Ambition is a characteristic of human nature, which, if expressed in an evil manner, can turn the entire person evil. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are great examples of these types of people. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, they are torn apart due to their excessive hunger for power. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a driving ambition that turns each of them into a spiral of guilt and evil. They are both very stubborn and set in their ways this is proven when Macbeth does not want to change his mind about killing Duncan. Their thriving ruthlessness combined is almost unstoppable, and it is their fuel to commit the terrible deeds that they do. Though they are similar in many ways, they also have many differences, which include the changing of power throughout the play. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very close but a rather strange one. There are a lot of things that Macbeth does not understand about Lady Macbeth, that she knows about him, for example, she knows his weakness of character and his strengths. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth is the stronger of the two. Although it was the witches who told Macbeth he will be king, it was Lady Macbeth who uses her art of persuasion, and knowledge of Macbeths weaknesses, to make him kill the king. Lady Macbeth uses persuasion, another factor that helps her over power Macbeth, from their first meeting and throughout the play. She also uses her knowledge she has of him, to add to the task of persuading him, she knows how to get him motivated. Due to Macbeth’s lack of knowledge of his spouse, he is unable to prevent her. Many factors like persuasion and ambition are a big part in the couple's relationship. Macbeth starts to take control when he slaughters the guards. Lady Macbeth was not ready for this and for a little while Macbeth is in control of the ...

The Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources

The Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources When it comes to finding sources for a  written assignment, it is crucial the student in higher education has the ability to differentiate between various sources and can evaluate the credibility of these sources, while understanding how  sources  can enhance their overall understanding of a subject or topic.  In most cases, a student’s research will likely lead them to both Primary and Secondary Sources. PRIMARY SOURCES Primary Sources include historical documents, literary works (poems, novels, short stories, plays, etc.), eyewitness accounts, diaries, field reports, letters and other examples of correspondence between people, like emails, and lab studies. Others examples of Primary Sources are the following:  any original research is done through interviews, experiments, and observations, as well as surveys. Primary Sources are useful because they offer subjects for firsthand study. SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary Sources include scholarly books and articles, reviews, biographies, textbooks – as well as other works that interpret and/orss Primary Sources. A Secondary Source helps a student understand and evaluate primary source material. CONSIDER THE SOURCE EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY  SOURCES Determining if a work is considered a primary or secondary source often depends on the topic and the purpose of the writer: if a person is analyzing a poem – a Primary Source – a critic’s article interpreting the poem is a Secondary Source.  But if the student or scholar is investigating that critic’s article (the interpretation of the poem), that article could be considered a Primary Source for the student’s own study and interpretation. WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO KNOW? Since most student research papers will include a combination of Primary and Secondary Sources, it is very important to understand the implications of each. A familiarity with the Primary Sources of a topic will allow the student to assess the accuracy and value of a Secondary Source. For example, if a student reads Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter (a Primary Source) for a better understanding of Puritan history and beliefs, that student would be better inclined to discern a fallible, valueless Secondary Source; if that student has not read the novel, though, they may have been convinced that same Secondary Source was indeed a credible one – therefore, earning them a lower grade on the assignment for using a Secondary Source that does not treat the subject matter accurately and respectfully; it would exemplify the use of an insignificant Secondary Source. In short, commentaries and interpretations about people, events, and works of art, statistics, or scientific data are Secondary Sources – ones that should be evaluated on the basis of how well they describe and interpret a Primary Source.

Fashion in different times Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion in different times - Research Paper Example The fashion trend that became popular in the 1960s faded away, but others remain engrained in the social â€Å"fabric† and space age clothing and miniskirts are examples of the surviving trends. Today’s fashion is more laid back as far as political and social expression is concerned than it was in retrospective times people rarely use fashion to express political or social views, but mostly to assert their individuality. This paper will examine the fashion scenes in the  1960s and today and attempt a comparative analysis contrasting and comparing the two periods in respect to dress and fashion. In some ways, the fashion scene has remained the same and one can even claim the 1960s are the motivation for much of today’s dress culture. During this period, jeans became very popular especially among the youth who wanted something comfortable practical and which would feel natural. However, the use of leather and animal skin to make clothing items has come under sharp criticism by animal right activist and environmentalists result it is not as popular as it was then. As such, many youths would wear tie and dye t-shirts and jeans, today jeans are still a dominant feature of fashion, despite the many adjustments and improvements, a pair of battered or new jeans from the 1960s would easily fit into the wardrobe of a teenager today. Furthermore, another Similarity was that the brightness and liberalness of the clothes, miniskirts worn then would scandalize many modest modem day women. In the 1960s, people were not afraid to experiment with colors and the same trend seems to have taken root in modern fashion with colors and flower patterns seemingly being fashionable (â€Å"Fashion Trends for Spring/ Summer 2012†). This is in sharp contrast to retrospective (pre -1960s), conservative colors and designs. According to Glamour magazine, 2012 spring runways looked a lot like Lady Gaga’s concerts in that the designs were liberal with the colors and

Biography Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biography Research - Essay Example Nelson Mandela, indeed brought trouble to himself but in the human kind advantage. He indeed had problems in his life but only because he was not an ordinary man, but one with ambitions and ideals and above all, he had the strength to accomplish them. The discourse was addressed before his career to develop , but this was the evidence that Nelson Mandela didn’t have any hidden purposes. Nelson Mandela was born in a special family, belonging to the Thembu group, which existed before the British conquest. It can even be said that he was born in a royal family, because his father was a member of the royal council of Thembu, and Mandela himself should have inherited this position. After his father’s death, he was adopted by the Regent, Dalyndiela, in gratitude to his father loyalty. Belonging to such an important family he was initiated in the Thembu culture, and according to its traditions at age sixteen, he attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute, and proved that he was a brilliant student, graduating Junior High in two years, instead of three years. As a young man he couldn’t stay apart from different organizations or manifestations. From this early age he demonstrated an initiative and leadership sense. Thus he was chucked from the university, after involving in a boycott against university administration. In this period he meets Oliver Tambo, a prolific lawyer, who will become a very good friend and colleague. So far Nelson Mandela followed the Regent indications and thus of his culture, but his enterprising and innovative personality didn’t allow him to bound under some rules. So, after the Regent arranged some marriages to his real son and to Mandela , they both left in Johannesburg, working in a mine, and then at a law firm. Mandela was aware of the fact that education was very important ( thing strongly sustained by him much later in his campaigns ) so he graduated from University of South Africa and then attended to the Law University

The Future of Criminology Essay Example for Free

The Future of Criminology Essay Over the past several years criminology has made leaps, bounds, and advances to enhance capturing criminals. Due to the increasing technology at the fingertips of criminals and terrorists law enforcement has been forced to step of their resources and intelligence. The government is constantly faced with new methods people have created to commit crime. Technology is infiltrating every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of crimes and even to attempts to predict them. What steps is law enforcement and the government taking to ensure our safety and to catch the criminals and terrorists? Biometrics After the attacks on 9/11 the government discovered America was not truly prepared for anything. America lacked the technology and resources to stop terrorist’s attacks. Suddenly, the United States government became acutely aware that it didn’t know exactly who was passing in and out of the country. After 9/11, the U.S. Congress decided we must have some way of securing our borders. What did the government do to try to protect the nation? They looked into security measures such as biometrics. â€Å"Biometric is the most secure and convenient authentication tool. It cannot be borrowed, stolen, or forgotten and forging one is practically impossible. Biometrics measure individuals unique physical or behavioral characteristics to recognize or authenticate their identity. Common physical biometrics include fingerprints, hand or palm geometry, retina, iris, and facial characteristics. Behavioral characters characteristics include signature, voice, keystroke pattern, and gait. Of this class of biometrics, technologies for signature and voice are the most developed† (Biometric Security Technology, n.d.). Today, our identities are verified almost exclusively by things that you carry with you and things you remember.  Driver’s licenses social security cards, birth certificates and passports are common documents people carry with them, and passwords and PINs are common security measures people remember. Physical identification is easy to fake, and passwords are easily cracked by hackers, who then have nearly unfettered access to our credit cards, bank accounts, and personal data. People make fake driver’s licenses, social security cards, birth certificates and even death certificates. Hackers only need limited information about a person to steal their identity. It is mind boggling to think what little data criminals need that can turn a person’s life upside down in a matter of seconds. Something needs to change and biometrics could be that change. Biometrics are a fundamental shift in the way people are identified. Unlike traditional identification which individuals must either remember or carry with them, biometrics is the individual, it is a part of who you are so to speak. Fingerprints, voice analysis, iris patterns, vein matching, gait analysis, and so on. Such traits are unique to an individual and often, though not always, incredibly difficult to fake. â€Å"United States government has poured money into research, development, and acquisition of biometric identification systems. The Department of Homeland Security has spent over $133 million on biometrics since 2003, and the Defense Department is predicted to spend $3.5 billion on the technology between 2007–2015. The Federal Bureau of Investigations has rapidly expanded its fingerprint database and is currently developing a more sophisticated system that will add iris scans, palm scans, and facial recognition to the mix† (De Chant, 2013). Just because biometrics cannot be lost or misplaced does not mean they cannot be misused. Privacy concerns loom large with biometrics. A biometric security measure by itself is not threatening, though they are easily linked to other, potentially sensitive information, and that’s when people grow uneasy. Biometrics are a part of person and not something that can easily be discarded like a Facebook page or a password. This causes a lot of anxiety for some people. The government would have part of everyone on file at their disposal and would it always be used correctly or will American’s become violated by this extra power the government would have? There is already a lot of mistrust in the government it would be difficult to get the American nation as a whole on board with the government having access to our fingerprints, retina’s, faces, and palms. There are people  even in our criminal justice system that abuse their power and give out information that should not be given to certain people, who is to say that same would not happen with should vital information as biometrics. Spyware As rates of cybercrime continue to increase exponentially, law enforcement agencies will have to enhance their cyber-defenses to effectively fight online attacks. New technologies promise to play an important role in this battle for cybersecurity. The war on cybercrime and cyberterrorism has given a major boost to the IT and security industries. In the coming years, the fields could experience even greater growth, possibly generating hundreds of billions of dollars in the US alone. Cyber criminals can be computer geeks looking for bragging rights, to businesses trying to gain an upper hand in the marketplace by hacking competitor websites, from rings of criminals wanting to steal your personal information and sell it on black markets and even spies and terrorists looking to rob our nation of vital information. In this day and age of advanced technology, we have become accustomed to all the benefits that computers give us in terms of convenience. While most of us would never want to g o back to doing things the old fashioned way, it is very important to be aware that anyone can become a victim of cybercrime. â€Å"To effectively detect and deter cyber criminals, it is vital for our law enforcement agencies and our legal community to look beyond our nation’s borders and work with their international colleagues in order to have a global framework of cybercrime statutes. One of the new devices to help detect cyber criminals is a Wi-Fi Investigator. The Wi-Fi Investigator is a tool designed to help law enforcement officials specify locations in order to apprehend suspect devices, including laptops and smartphones. Another featured gadget produces powerful magnetic pulses in order to instantly erase sensitive data in the event of a security breach† (Brown, 2010). Another useful tool for law enforcement is the Global Positioning System or GPS. This is used to help track criminals on probation and parole. This can also be useful in court to show a suspects whereabouts during trial or in tracking down a kidnapped victim. The GPS has become a vital part of an investigation and something that some investigators may even rely on. The same can be said for cellphones since most of them now days are equipped to tell your location as well. Tools and devices are not the only thing that is  used to try to deter cybercrimes, there are laws in place as well. Recently, President Obama calls for a new law for cybersecurity. â€Å"The new cybersecurity effort came a day after Mr. Obama called for legislation to force American companies to be more forthcoming when credit card data and other consumer information are lost in an online breach like the kind that hit Sony Pictures, Target and Home Depot last year. Concern about cybersecurity has increased after the hacking of Sony in December, which the United States government says was the work of the North Korean government. The president said that breach and an attack on the United States Central Command’s Twitter account proved the need for an overhaul† (Hirschfeld Davis, 2015). The cybersecurity measure Mr. Obama envisions would encourage companies to share threat information such as Internet Protocol addresses, date and time stamps, and routing information with the Department of Homeland Security, which would swiftly pass it on to other government agencies and industry groups voluntarily formed to share such material. Companies would get â€Å"targeted liability protection† for doing so, as long as they took steps to protect consumers’ personal information (Hirschfeld Davis, 2015). â€Å"President Obama also called for law enforcement tools to combat cybercrime, including to prosecute the sale of botnets, computer networks created to carry out cybercrime, and to give courts power to shut down those involved in denial of service attacks and other fraudulent activities† (Hirschfeld Davis, 2015). Fighting cybercrime is not just the responsibility of the government it is everyone’s responsibility. Anyone at any time can be attacked by a cybercriminal there is no limits when it comes to cybercrime. The government and law enforcement does their best to protect everyone but it is difficult to protect against someone you cannot see. There is still concerns that maybe technology is trying to take over good old fashion police work such as patrolling and even investigating itself. Is the government looking for the quick technological fix rather than to invest in what it takes to get communities to collaborate on their own safety? The problem is an over-reliance on technology with too little recognition that policing is primarily a people business. Law enforcement and local communities often see technology as a panacea to make communities safer without asking the hard questions. While technology is good to have and it does help to solve some cases it will never replace a police officer. People  find safety and security when they actually see someone protecting them. People need that reassurance. DNA Collection â€Å"The Federal Bureau of Investigations maintains a national DNA database known as the Combined DNA Indexing System or CODIS. The pilot program for what became CODIS started with fourteen state and local laboratories. Today, there are over 180 public law enforcement laboratories that use CODIS. The FBI Laboratorys CODIS program allows federal, state, and local crime laboratories to store, search, and share DNA profiles electronically† (The DNA Act, 2015). The practice of taking DNA samples from convicted criminals is now largely uncontroversial. The courts have routinely upheld laws that authorize DNA collection from both current and former convicts, and the resulting databases of DNA have become powerful tools to analyze forensic evidence collected from crime scenes. The databases help to clear innocent suspects and redirect law enforcement officials away from unproductive investigations. They also help to convict guilty criminals and clear the wrongfully convicted. A trend that is causing significant debate is gathering DNA samples from people who are arrested but not convicted (Berson, 2009). â€Å"About 20 states and the federal government have passed legislation that requires DNA collection upon arrest. This legislation has raised concerns that crime laboratories may be unable to manage an influx of samples from a new source and that preconviction DNA collection may violate Fourth Amendment privacy guarantees. Some people worry that collecting DNA creates the potential for abuse of genetic information stored in databases. Others point out that the federal and state privacy laws and penalties that apply to crime labs are stringent far more stringent than the rules governing private entities that collect blood and saliva for medical or insurance purposes† (Berson, 2009). Although some states limit preconviction DNA collection to violent offenses or sex crimes, other states include all felonies, and some extend the requirement to misdemeanors as well. States legislation requiring preconviction DNA collection varies. Variations include the types of crimes for which samples are collected, applicability of the law to juveniles and procedures for deleting profiles. Some state laws have faced Fourth Amendment challenges in court. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment ensures that [t]he right of the people to be secure in their  persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (The DNA Act, 2015). This is where the government will continue to have problems, most American’s live by the Amendments that the United States was founded upon. The Amendments were put in place to give the government limits and when it comes to mandating DNA the government appears to have reached its limits. Conclusion In conclusion, the government and law enforcement have many challenges to face and overcome in the new age of technology. Technology also makes it easier for criminals from around the globe to connect and partner with each other to pull off financial frauds, and the anonymity of the web can make it more challenging to locate and stop online perpetrators. There are legal obstacles as well as ethical obstacles that the government and law enforcement must overcome. At every corner there is a potential for a crime to happen whether it is a person’s credit card, a computer, a bank, a smart phone or even a car. Cybercrime is a growing field and one that is hard to combat with all the technology. The problem the government is facing is what is considered too invasive and what is going too far to protect our nation? References Berson, S. (2009). Debating DNA Collection. Retrieved from http://www.nij.gov/journals/264/pages/debating-DNA.aspx Biometric Security Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.peterindia.net/BiometricsView.html Brown, K. (2010). The Future of Cybercrime Detection Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.pctools.com/security-news/future-cybercrime-prevention/ De Chant, T. (2013). The Boring and Exciting World of Biometrics. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/tech/biometrics-and-the-future-of-identification/ Hirschfeld Davis, J. (2015). Obama Calls for New Laws to Bolster Cybersecurity. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/14/us/obama-to-announce-new-cyberattack-protections.html?_r=0 The DNA Act. (2015). Retrieved from

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy :: essays research papers

â€Å"It was very apparent to everyone who had carefully followed the course of events that we would sooner or later have to meet the threat to civilization which these aggressor nations were presenting to the world†¦and that we would ultimately be left to face the onslaught alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are words from then Secretary of War Henry Stimson. America knew she was headed for war, her people though, not directly feeling the effects of the conflicts going on half a world away would not support the loss of American lives for a foreign war. The government knew about the planned attacks on Pearl Harbor, kept the information from the military leaders that needed it the most, and used the tragedy to rally the nation toward war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"AIR RAID ON PEARL HARBOR. THIS IS NO DRILL.† This is the message sent out by radioman Kyle Boyer at 7:58 a.m. Sunday December 7, 1941; a date which will live in infamy. The empire of Japan had attacked the United States’ Pacific Fleet based in Pearl Harbor. For months the US Intelligence community, as well as others around the world, had been intercepting and decoding transmissions from mainland Japan to their diplomats and spies in the US. We had cracked their Purple Code, and knew exactly what military intelligence was being transmitted back and forth. The Dutch also cracked Purple and informed our government of the Japanese plan and were shocked to hear reports that we were taken by surprised. Even more disturbing, months before the attack a British double agent, Dusko Popov, codenamed Tricycle, turned over to the F.B.I. detailed plans of the Japanese air raid, which he had obtained from the Germans. The government had the information, and d id nothing with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people who needed the information the most, Admiral Kimmel, commander-in-chief us pacific fleet, and General Walter Short, the army commander in Hawaii, were kept out of the loop. Why would the military keep such pertinent information from its leaders in Hawaii? Some would argue they hid the information so the Japanese would not know their code was broken. I wonder if the 2,000+ service men and civilians that died that day would share the same concern. Admiral Kimmel had been complaining about shortages of personnel, planes, and radar for months. General Short did not even know he had a special Army monitoring station on the island, and was not even cleared to see the decrypted messages known as Magic.

Explaining of The Child Protection in The Wider Concept of Safeguarding Children and Young People

Explain child protection in the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. Safeguarding of children is known as an umbrella term which means it involves everything to ensure the health and safety of the children. Safeguarding of a child is priority, whether it to be at home, nursery, youth clubs, in a social setting or in someone else’s care. Also whether it is an adult they know or don’t know or even another child, knowing the welfare of each individual child is paramount.In doing this there are many policies and procedures to follow regarding a child’s health and safety, in which companies have to enforce these policies and procedures in a child based setting. When a child based setting is recruiting new members of staff there are many checks that they need to do, the main check is their DBS checks commonly known as their CRB to ensure they have no criminal convictions, ever been on a sex offenders list or are a general risk to children.Communicat ion with a child’s parent is so important when it comes to a child’s welfare knowing how the child’s home life is and any concerns the parents may have about their child. Having a good working relationship with the parents and getting to know them is key, they are entrusting us with the welfare of their children. It is a difficult transition for parent sending their children to nursery for the first time knowing that their child is going to be safe and their well-being is going to be well cared for is reassuring to them.Making sure a child’s welfare is safe in all aspects of life is a vital part of their development in their learning capability, in their confidence and in the long term impact into adult hood. It is important that all staff know the correct policies and procedures if they have cause for concern, finding ways to do this is updating safeguarding polices regularly and retraining staff often to ensure this.Also setting up a CAF (common assessm ent framework) and making contact with multi agencies for a child who they have cause for concern for and putting  support in place for them is a good way to ensure a child in need is getting the best possible support, and them knowing that someone is there to listen and support them is reassuring to the child. Making staff stand out as staff with the correct uniform and ensuring ID is in full view for the parents and other staff to see clearly for identification.Making sure that the staffs don’t put themselves in any sort of situation to possible complains that can arise i. e.  no mobile phones or if any conflict with a child make sure it is handled correctly following the correct policies and procedure guidelines of your work setting. Also making sure schools and nurseries know who exactly are coming in and out of the building with a signing in book. There are all types of abuse, physical abuse, mental abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and verbal abuse, following the safegua rding policies and procedures will help ensure a child’s health and safety.Making sure these policies and procedures are followed correctly will give the child the best outcome in life. There are many ways to protect a child, at home, in a school or social setting. Unfortunately in today’s society there is a dip in the system when it comes to the protection of children, so many children are being put a risk. People need to be more vigilant to stop children getting abused in any sort of way. Every child matters they are our future abuse needs to stop, people need to become more aware to help prevent these things from happening.

Outline some of the ways in which material deprivation may affect educational achievement Essay

Material deprivation is when people have insufficient physical resources to sustain life, and is common among lower-class households. It affects educational achievement in many ways, including a non-nutritious diet and inadequate housing. Howard (2001) claimed that poor nutrition leads to low achievement at school because poorer homes have a lower intake of vitamins, minerals and energy which reduces children’s health and lowers their energy levels, and will also weaken their immune system. Malnourished children will have more time off school due to illness, and their academic success will suffer as a result. Attendance is affected by playground bullying too, and this is sometimes caused by children not owning fashionable or popular items (for example, expensive trainers). If being stigmatised, children may fake illness in order to skip school, and again their grades will suffer. Some children may not have time to revise at home if they have to help their parents with chores and childcare while they’re at work- many parents can’t afford to give up work or cut down their hours if their income is low, so tasks often fall on the older children. Their revision and homework completion can also be affected by overcrowding in the household, as a study space is needed for each child in order to achieve academic success. Overcrowding can lead to illnesses spreading around the household easier as well, which again affects attendance. Many parents cannot afford to move location to be in a school’s catchment area, as a result a lot of children aren’t able to go to the better schools and have to make do with those in working-class areas. The chances of someone from a working-class family continuing education to degree level is made unlikely by the fear of debt installed in them from their poverty-stuck upbringings. University fees have become so high that many people can’t afford to go and, even with loans, commuting and accommodation can make university overly expensive. People are therefore put off the idea of continuing education and most lack ambition for their futures. An important consequence of material deprivation is that children leave school at 16 to begin working. This  allows them to become an economic asset through providing money to their family, instead of needing school resources for another two years. Hasley wanted to find out why so many children from working-class families leave school at 16, and looked at material and cultural deprivation. They found that the main cause was actually material deprivation, which says that it’s not a lack of culture and intelligence that prevents children’s academic achievement, but economic problems instead. These two forms of deprivation are linked, as both are at least partially caused by lack of income. Cultural deprivation includes a lack of educational activities within the family. For example trips to the theater may be common in middle-class families, whereas the working-class opt for cheaper option of entertainment- such as television. This inability to afford socially acceptable means of entertainment supposedly affects educational achievement as the children don’t learn complex language.

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody

Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Clay Shirky Here Comes Everybody Ð ¡ommunal aspÐ µÃ' ts of digital Ã' ulturÐ µ run dÐ µÃ µp and widÐ µ. WikipÐ µdia is just onÐ µ rÐ µmarkablÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of an Ð µmÐ µrging Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivismand not just WikipÐ µdia but wikinÐ µss at largÐ µ. Ward Ð ¡unningham, who invÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ first Ã' ollaborativÐ µ WÐ µb pagÐ µ in 1994, traÃ' ks nÐ µarly 150 wiki Ð µnginÐ µs today, Ð µaÃ' h powÐ µring myriad sitÐ µs. WÐ µtpaint, launÃ' hÐ µd just thrÐ µÃ µ yÐ µars ago, hosts morÐ µ than 1 million Ã' ommunal Ð µfforts. WidÐ µsprÐ µad adoption of thÐ µ sharÐ µ-friÐ µndly Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons altÐ µrnativÐ µ Ã' opyright liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µ and thÐ µ risÐ µ of ubiquitous filÐ µ-sharing arÐ µ two morÐ µ stÐ µps in this shift. Mushrooming Ã' ollaborativÐ µ sitÐ µs likÐ µ Digg, StumblÐ µUpon, thÐ µ HypÐ µ MaÃ' hinÐ µ, and TwinÐ µ havÐ µ addÐ µd wÐ µight to this grÐ µat uphÐ µaval. NÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry day anothÐ µr startup proudly hÐ µralds a nà  µw way to harnÐ µss Ã' ommunity aÃ' tion. ThÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts suggÐ µst a stÐ µady movÐ µ toward a sort of soÃ' ialism uniquÐ µly tunÐ µd for a nÐ µtworkÐ µd world. WÐ µ'rÐ µ not talking about your grandfathÐ µr's soÃ' ialism. In faÃ' t, thÐ µrÐ µ is a long list of past movÐ µmÐ µnts this nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is not. It is not Ã' lass warfarÐ µ. It is not anti-AmÐ µriÃ' an; indÐ µÃ µd, digital soÃ' ialism may bÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µwÐ µst AmÐ µriÃ' an innovation. WhilÐ µ old-sÃ' hool soÃ' ialism was an arm of thÐ µ statÐ µ, digital soÃ' ialism is soÃ' ialism without thÐ µ statÐ µ. This nÐ µw brand of soÃ' ialism Ã' urrÐ µntly opÐ µratÐ µs in thÐ µ rÐ µalm of Ã' ulturÐ µ and Ð µÃ' onomiÃ' s, rathÐ µr than govÐ µrnmÐ µntfor now. ThÐ µ typÐ µ of Ã' ommunism with whiÃ' h GatÐ µs hopÐ µd to tar thÐ µ Ã' rÐ µators of Linux was born in an Ð µra of Ð µnforÃ' Ã µd bordÐ µrs, Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ations, and top-hÐ µavy industrial proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs. ThosÐ µ Ã' onstraints gavÐ µ risÐ µ to a typÐ µ of Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ ownÐ µrship that rÐ µplaÃ' Ã µd thÐ µ brilliant Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt with sÃ' iÐ µntifiÃ'  fivÐ µ-yÐ µar plans dÐ µvisÐ µd by an all-powÐ µrful politburo. This politiÃ' al opÐ µrating systÐ µm failÐ µd, to put it mildly. HowÐ µvÐ µr, unlikÐ µ thosÐ µ oldÐ µr strains of rÐ µd-flag soÃ' ialism, thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism runs ovÐ µr a bordÐ µrlÐ µss IntÐ µrnÐ µt, through a tightly intÐ µgratÐ µd global Ð µÃ' onomy. It is dÐ µsignÐ µd to hÐ µightÐ µn individual autonomy and thwart Ã' Ã µntralization. It is dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralization Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ. InstÐ µad of gathÐ µring on Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ farms, wÐ µ gathÐ µr in Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ worlds. InstÐ µad of statÐ µ faÃ' toriÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ dÐ µsktop faÃ' toriÐ µs Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd to virtual Ã' o-ops. InstÐ µad of sharing drill bits, piÃ' ks, and shovÐ µls, wÐ µ sharÐ µ apps, sÃ' ripts, and APIs. InstÐ µad of faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss politburos, wÐ µ havÐ µ faÃ' Ã µlÐ µss mÐ µritoÃ' raÃ' iÐ µs, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ only thing that mattÐ µrs is gÐ µtting things donÐ µ. InstÐ µad of national produÃ' tion, wÐ µ havÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' tion. InstÐ µad of govÐ µrnmÐ µnt rations and subsidiÐ µs, wÐ µ havÐ µ a bounty of frÐ µÃ µ goods. Broadly, Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion is what WÐ µb sitÐ µs and NÐ µt-Ã' onnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd apps gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µy harnÐ µss input from thÐ µ global audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's rhÐ µtoriÃ' al dangÐ µr in lumping so many typÐ µs of organization undÐ µr suÃ' h an inflammatory hÐ µading. But thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ no unsoilÐ µd tÐ µrms availablÐ µ, so wÐ µ might as wÐ µll rÐ µdÐ µÃ µm this onÐ µ. WhÐ µn massÐ µs of pÐ µoplÐ µ who own thÐ µ mÐ µans of produÃ' tion work toward a Ã' ommon goal and sharÐ µ thÐ µir produÃ' ts in Ã' ommon, whÐ µn thÐ µy Ã' ontributÐ µ labor without wagÐ µs and Ð µnjoy thÐ µ fruits frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ, it's not unrÐ µasonablÐ µ to Ã' all that soÃ' ialism. In thÐ µ latÐ µ '90s, aÃ' tivist, provoÃ' atÐ µur, and aging hippy John Barlow bÐ µgan Ã' alling this drift, somÐ µwhat tonguÐ µ in Ã' hÐ µÃ µk, "dot-Ã' ommunism." HÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µd it as a "workforÃ' Ã µ Ã' omposÐ µd Ð µntirÐ µly of frÐ µÃ µ agÐ µnts," a dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd gift or bartÐ µr Ð µÃ' onomy whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is no propÐ µrty and whÐ µrÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al arÃ' hitÐ µÃ' turÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µs thÐ µ politiÃ' al spaÃ' Ã µ. HÐ µ was right on thÐ µ virtual monÐ µy. But thÐ µrÐ µ is onÐ µ way in whiÃ' h soÃ' ialism is thÐ µ wrong word for what is happÐ µning: It is not an idÐ µology. It dÐ µmands no rigid Ã' rÐ µÃ µd. RathÐ µr, it is a spÐ µÃ' trum of attitudÐ µs, tÐ µÃ' hniquÐ µs, and tools that promotÐ µ Ã' ollaboration, sharing, aggrÐ µgation, Ã' oordination, and a host of othÐ µr nÐ µwly Ð µnablÐ µd typÐ µs of soÃ' ial Ã' oopÐ µration. It is a dÐ µsign frontiÐ µr and a partiÃ' ularly fÐ µrtilÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ for innovation. In his 2008 book, HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, mÐ µdia thÐ µorist Ð ¡lay Shirky suggÐ µsts a usÐ µful hiÐ µrarÃ' hy for sorting through thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ial arrangÐ µmÐ µnts. Groups of pÐ µoplÐ µ start off simply sharing and thÐ µn progrÐ µss to Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, and finally Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism. At Ð µaÃ' h stÐ µp, thÐ µ amount of Ã' oordination inÃ' rÐ µasÐ µs. A survÐ µy of thÐ µ onlinÐ µ landsÃ' apÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µals amplÐ µ Ð µvidÐ µnÃ' Ã µ of this phÐ µnomÐ µnon. UnlikÐ µ with politiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions, whiÃ' h oftÐ µn prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs with blood, turmoil and thÐ µ urgÐ µnÃ' y of Ð µstablishing a nÐ µw rÐ µgimÐ µ, thÐ µ soÃ' ial and tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolution of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt has introduÃ' Ã µd itsÐ µlf with plÐ µasant and usÐ µful Ã' omforts and Ã' onvÐ µniÐ µnÃ' Ã µs. Still, as Ð ¡lay Shirky Ã' hroniÃ' lÐ µs in grÐ µat dÐ µtail in HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody, thÐ µ Ã' hangÐ µs that thÐ µ world widÐ µ wÐ µb bring about instill a profoundly nÐ µw way of doing things into daily lifÐ µ, that holds promisÐ µ for Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ aÃ' tion, but that also brings forward a fundamÐ µntal Ã' hallÐ µngÐ µ to our soÃ' ial institutions. With grÐ µat Ã' arÐ µ and attÐ µntion to dÐ µtail, Shirky dÐ µsÃ' ribÐ µs thÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µna that arÐ µ thÐ µ outgrowth and Ã' onsÐ µquÐ µnÃ' Ã µs of thÐ µ introduÃ' tion of thÐ µ wÐ µb into widÐ µsprÐ µad usÐ µ. As a spaÃ' Ã µ whÐ µrÐ µ information Ã' an bÐ µ rÐ µÃ' ordÐ µd and storÐ µd at littlÐ µ to no Ã' ost to partiÃ' ipants, thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt sÐ µrvÐ µs as a lÐ µvÐ µl playing fiÐ µld whÐ µrÐ µ Ð µvÐ µrybody Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr and sharÐ µ and Ð µxÃ' hangÐ µ information about thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, friÐ µnds, soÃ' iÐ µty and idÐ µas. WhÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ prÐ µvious tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al rÐ µvolutions of thÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µvision and radio allowÐ µd Ã' ommuniÃ' ation to rÐ µaÃ' h a broad audiÐ µnÃ' Ã µ, thÐ µ wÐ µb Ð µnablÐ µs 'symmÐ µtriÃ' al partiÃ' ipation' whÐ µrÐ µ anybody Ã' an potÐ µntially Ã' ommuniÃ' atÐ µ with Ð µvÐ µrybody as Ð µithÐ µr a rÐ µÃ' ipiÐ µnt or produÃ' Ã µr of information. WhÐ µrÐ µ Shirky's work is Ð µmphatiÃ'  is that Ð µnablÐ µd by this onlinÐ µ spaÃ' Ã µ is an Ð µasÐ µ of Ã' ollaboration whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ arÐ µ willing to hÐ µlp Ð µaÃ' h othÐ µr or work on a togÐ µthÐ µr on a projÐ µÃ' t that thÐ µy lovÐ µ. ThÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt faÃ' ilitatÐ µs groups Ð µasily Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr not only bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ low transaÃ' tion Ã' osts of group formation and output, but also bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ as thÐ µ author puts it, largÐ µ soÃ' ial groups arÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt than small onÐ µs, as groups bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ morÐ µ Ð µxpansivÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is a nÐ µtworking Ð µffÐ µÃ' t allowing pÐ µoplÐ µ to morÐ µ rÐ µadily Ã' onnÐ µÃ' t along similar intÐ µrÐ µsts. MuÃ' h of thÐ µ book is fillÐ µd with an array of illustrativÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs, brimming with a palpablÐ µ Ð µxÃ' itÐ µmÐ µnt, on whÐ µrÐ µ and how Ã' ollaboration has bÐ µÃ µn taking plaÃ' Ã µ, from pÐ µoplÐ µ Ã' oming togÐ µthÐ µr to find a woman's lost phonÐ µ, to thÐ µ spontanÐ µous organization of protÐ µsts in BÐ µlarus, to dÐ µsÃ' ribing thÐ µ origins and dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of WikipÐ µdia. HowÐ µvÐ µr, lurking bÐ µhind this gloss of optimism, is also a mild skÐ µptiÃ' al quÐ µstioning. Shirky points out that this bright and bravÐ µ nÐ µw world of pÐ µoplÐ µ aÃ' ting togÐ µthÐ µr also shifts thÐ µ ground bÐ µnÐ µath Ð µstablishÐ µd institutions that work with information towards a soÃ' ial Ð µnd, inÃ' luding not just thÐ µ mÐ µdia, but also govÐ µrnmÐ µnt and rÐ µgular businÐ µssÐ µs. In a rÐ µflÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ modÐ µ thÐ µ author wondÐ µrs whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ formation of onlinÐ µ groups will nÐ µÃ' Ã µssari ly bÐ µ ablÐ µ to providÐ µ output to thosÐ µ standards as thosÐ µ institutions that thÐ µy thrÐ µatÐ µn to upÐ µnd or Ã' hangÐ µ radiÃ' ally. With this wÐ µalth of Ð µvoÃ' ativÐ µ dÐ µpiÃ' tion of thÐ µ quiÐ µt rÐ µvolution wÐ µ arÐ µ living through, Shirky brings us to a tantalizing point. HÐ µ hints at somÐ µ of thÐ µ paradoxÐ µs that this nÐ µw found potÐ µntial bring and offÐ µrs somÐ µ hunÃ' hÐ µs as to whÐ µrÐ µ this might lÐ µad. Still, thÐ µ dynamiÃ' s that undÐ µrliÐ µ thÐ µ shift bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ old and nÐ µw rÐ µmain only lightly Ð µxaminÐ µd. BÐ µyond highlighting thÐ µ faÃ' ts of thÐ µ Ã' ontrast itsÐ µlf, thÐ µ book, thÐ µn, doÐ µs not idÐ µntify thÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ diÃ' hotomy by whiÃ' h thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt Ã' an bÐ µ a spontanÐ µous positivÐ µ forÃ' Ã µ, whilÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly shaking thÐ µ bÐ µdroÃ' k of kÐ µy pillars of soÃ' iÐ µty, nor doÐ µs thÐ µ work arrivÐ µ at a satisfaÃ' tory synthÐ µsis of how this tÐ µnsion might rÐ µsolvÐ µ. WÐ µ arÐ µ sÐ µÃ µmingly standing at thÐ µ Ã' usp of a Ã' onfliÃ' t bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y that thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt offÐ µrs and thÐ µ mÐ µdiating proÃ' Ã µss whiÃ' h liÐ µs at thÐ µ hÐ µart of thÐ µ soÃ' ial purposÐ µ of institutions. If wÐ µ imaginÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' opywritÐ µr in a nÐ µwspapÐ µr, thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of parliamÐ µnt or Ã' ongrÐ µss, or a quality assuranÃ' Ã µ systÐ µm in a Ã' ompany, Ð µaÃ' h of thÐ µsÐ µ involvÐ µs Ã' arÐ µful rÐ µviÐ µw and Ã' onsidÐ µration of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ itÐ µm bÐ µing introduÃ' Ã µd rÐ µaÃ' hÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µnt standards that propÐ µrly sÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ µ soÃ' ial Ð µnd of thÐ µ institution. ThÐ µ phÐ µnomÐ µnon idÐ µntifiÐ µd by Shirky that agÐ µ groups havÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ ridiÃ' ulously Ð µasy to form offÐ µrs thÐ µ promisÐ µ that pÐ µoplÐ µ from disparatÐ µ parts of thÐ µ globÐ µ Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ togÐ µthÐ µr for a soÃ' ial objÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. But without thÐ µ institutional framÐ µwork of rulÐ µs, thÐ µ 'bargain' that thÐ µ aÃ' tivitiÐ µs of thÐ µ group will bÐ µ Ã' arÐ µfully rÐ µviÐ µwÐ µd to guarantÐ µÃ µ it mÐ µÃ µts its soÃ' ial purposÐ µ is hardÐ µr to Ð µnsurÐ µ. ThÐ µ immÐ µdiaÃ' y of thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnts a shimmÐ µring allurÐ µ, bÐ µÃ' ausÐ µ of thÐ µ boundlÐ µss frÐ µÃ µdom that it offÐ µrs. Anybody Ã' an sÐ µÃ µ anything that anybody Ð µlsÐ µ posts on thÐ µ intÐ µrnÐ µt at any instant, whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µsÐ µ arÐ µ photos, TwittÐ µr updatÐ µs or youTubÐ µ vidÐ µos. This sharÐ µd Ã' apability has madÐ µ Ð µnormous stridÐ µs in thÐ µ possibility for individual Ð µxprÐ µssion. It is thÐ µ nÐ µxt stÐ µp though, to whiÃ' h thÐ µ titlÐ µ HÐ µrÐ µ Ð ¡omÐ µs ЕvÐ µrybody alludÐ µs, that is muÃ' h morÐ µ diffiÃ' ult and rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts a rÐ µal transition whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ µthora of matÐ µrial that is availablÐ µ onlinÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µs Ð µnduringly mÐ µaningful to thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ. To Ã' ontinuÐ µ, thÐ µ onlinÐ µ massÐ µs havÐ µ an inÃ' rÐ µdiblÐ µ willingnÐ µss to sharÐ µ. ThÐ µ numbÐ µr of pÐ µrsonal photos postÐ µd on FaÃ' Ã µbook and MySpaÃ' Ã µ is astronomiÃ' al, but it's a safÐ µ bÐ µt that thÐ µ ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming majority of photos takÐ µn with a digital Ã' amÐ µra arÐ µ sharÐ µd in somÐ µ fashion. ThÐ µn thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ status updatÐ µs, map loÃ' ations, half-thoughts postÐ µd onlinÐ µ. Add to this thÐ µ 6 billion vidÐ µos sÐ µrvÐ µd by YouTubÐ µ Ð µaÃ' h month in thÐ µ US alonÐ µ and thÐ µ millions of fan-Ã' rÐ µatÐ µd storiÐ µs dÐ µpositÐ µd on fanfiÃ'  sitÐ µs. ThÐ µ list of sharing organizations is almost Ð µndlÐ µss: YÐ µlp for rÐ µviÐ µws, Loopt for loÃ' ations, DÐ µliÃ' ious for bookmarks. WhÐ µn individuals work togÐ µthÐ µr toward a largÐ µ-sÃ' alÐ µ goal, it produÃ' Ã µs rÐ µsults that Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ at thÐ µ group lÐ µvÐ µl. Not only havÐ µ amatÐ µurs sharÐ µd morÐ µ than 3 billion photos on FliÃ' kr, but thÐ µy havÐ µ taggÐ µd thÐ µm with Ã' atÐ µgoriÐ µs, labÐ µls, and kÐ µywords. OthÐ µrs in thÐ µ Ã' ommunity Ã' ull thÐ µ piÃ' turÐ µs into sÐ µts. ThÐ µ popularity of Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons liÃ' Ã µnsing mÐ µans that Ã' ommunally, if not outright Ã' ommunistiÃ' ally, your piÃ' turÐ µ is my piÃ' turÐ µ. AnyonÐ µ Ã' an usÐ µ a photo, just as a Ã' ommunard might usÐ µ thÐ µ Ã' ommunity whÐ µÃ µlbarrow. Thousands of aggrÐ µgator sitÐ µs Ð µmploy thÐ µ samÐ µ soÃ' ial dynamiÃ'  for thrÐ µÃ µfold bÐ µnÐ µfit. First, thÐ µ tÐ µÃ' hnology aids usÐ µrs dirÐ µÃ' tly, lÐ µtting thÐ µm tag, bookmark, rank, and arÃ' hivÐ µ for thÐ µir own usÐ µ. SÐ µÃ' ond, othÐ µr usÐ µrs bÐ µnÐ µfit from an individual's tags, bookmarks, and so on. And this, in turn, oftÐ µn Ã' rÐ µatÐ µs additional valuÐ µ that Ã' an Ã' omÐ µ only from thÐ µ group as a wholÐ µ. As put by Shirky, organizÐ µd Ã' ollaboration Ã' an produÃ' Ã µ rÐ µsults bÐ µyond thÐ µ aÃ' hiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnts of ad hoÃ'  Ã' oopÐ µration. Just look at any of hundrÐ µds of opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ softwarÐ µ projÐ µÃ' ts, suÃ' h as thÐ µ ApaÃ' hÐ µ WÐ µb sÐ µrvÐ µr. In thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µndÐ µavors, finÐ µly tunÐ µd Ã' ommunal tools gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ high-quality produÃ' ts from thÐ µ Ã' oordinatÐ µd work of thousands or tÐ µns of thousands of mÐ µmbÐ µrs. In Ã' ontrast to Ã' asual Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration on largÐ µ, Ã' omplÐ µx projÐ µÃ' ts tÐ µnds to bring thÐ µ partiÃ' ipants only indirÐ µÃ' t bÐ µnÐ µfits, sinÃ' Ã µ Ð µaÃ' h mÐ µmbÐ µr of thÐ µ group intÐ µraÃ' ts with only a small part of thÐ µ Ð µnd produÃ' t. An Ð µnthusiast may spÐ µnd months writing Ã' odÐ µ for a subroutinÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µ program's full utility is sÐ µvÐ µral yÐ µars away. In faÃ' t, thÐ µ work-rÐ µward ratio is so out of kilt Ð µr from a frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt pÐ µrspÐ µÃ' tivÐ µthÐ µ workÐ µrs do immÐ µnsÐ µ amounts of high-markÐ µt-valuÐ µ work without bÐ µing paidthat thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborativÐ µ Ð µfforts makÐ µ no sÐ µnsÐ µ within Ã' apitalism. ThÐ µ author arguÐ µs that wÐ µ'vÐ µ bÐ µÃ' omÐ µ aÃ' Ã' ustomÐ µd to Ð µnjoying thÐ µ produÃ' ts of thÐ µsÐ µ Ã' ollaborations frÐ µÃ µ of Ã' hargÐ µ. InstÐ µad of monÐ µy, thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr produÃ' Ã µrs who Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ thÐ µ stuff gain Ã' rÐ µdit, status, rÐ µputation, Ð µnjoymÐ µnt, satisfaÃ' tion, and Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µnÃ' Ã µ. Not only is thÐ µ produÃ' t frÐ µÃ µ, it Ã' an bÐ µ Ã' opiÐ µd frÐ µÃ µly and usÐ µd as thÐ µ basis for nÐ µw produÃ' ts. AltÐ µrnativÐ µ sÃ' hÐ µmÐ µs for managing intÐ µllÐ µÃ' tual propÐ µrty, inÃ' luding Ð ¡rÐ µativÐ µ Ð ¡ommons and thÐ µ GNU liÃ' Ã µnsÐ µs, wÐ µrÐ µ invÐ µntÐ µd to Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ "frÐ µÃ µs." Of Ã' oursÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ's nothing partiÃ' ularly soÃ' ialistiÃ'  about Ã' ollaboration pÐ µr sÐ µ. But thÐ µ tools of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollaboration support a Ã' ommunal stylÐ µ of produÃ' tion that shuns Ã' apitalistiÃ'  invÐ µstors and kÐ µÃ µps ownÐ µrship in thÐ µ hands of thÐ µ workÐ µrs, and to somÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt thosÐ µ of thÐ µ Ã' onsuming massÐ µs WhilÐ µ Ã' oopÐ µration Ã' an writÐ µ an Ð µnÃ' yÃ' lopÐ µdia, no onÐ µ is hÐ µld rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ if thÐ µ Ã' ommunity fails to rÐ µaÃ' h Ã' onsÐ µnsus, and laÃ' k of agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnt doÐ µsn't Ð µndangÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ as a wholÐ µ. ThÐ µ aim of a Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, is to Ð µnginÐ µÃ µr a systÐ µm whÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µlf-dirÐ µÃ' tÐ µd pÐ µÃ µrs takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for Ã' ritiÃ' al proÃ' Ã µssÐ µs and whÐ µrÐ µ diffiÃ' ult dÐ µÃ' isions, suÃ' h as sorting out prioritiÐ µs, arÐ µ dÐ µÃ' idÐ µd by all partiÃ' ipants. Throughout history, hundrÐ µds of small-sÃ' alÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist groups havÐ µ triÐ µd this opÐ µrating systÐ µm. ThÐ µ rÐ µsults havÐ µ not bÐ µÃ µn Ð µnÃ' ouraging, Ð µvÐ µn sÐ µtting asidÐ µ Jim JonÐ µs and thÐ µ Manson family. IndÐ µÃ µd, a Ã' losÐ µ Ð µxamination of thÐ µ govÐ µrning kÐ µrnÐ µl of, say, WikipÐ µdia, Linux, or OpÐ µnOffiÃ' Ã µ shows that thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µfforts arÐ µ furthÐ µr from thÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist idÐ µal than appÐ µars from thÐ µ outsidÐ µ. WhilÐ µ millions of writÐ µrs Ã' ontributÐ µ to WikipÐ µdia, a smallÐ µr numbÐ µr of Ð µditors (around 1,500) arÐ µ rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for thÐ µ majority of thÐ µ Ð µditing. Platforms likÐ µ thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt and FaÃ' Ã µbook, or dÐ µmoÃ' raÃ' ywhiÃ' h arÐ µ intÐ µndÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ as a substratÐ µ for produÃ' ing goods and dÐ µlivÐ µring sÐ µrviÃ' Ã µsbÐ µnÐ µfit from bÐ µing as nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al as possiblÐ µ, minimizing barriÐ µrs to Ð µntry and distributing rights and rÐ µsponsibilitiÐ µs Ð µqually. WhÐ µn powÐ µrful aÃ' tors appÐ µar, thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ fabriÃ'  suffÐ µrs. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, organizations built to Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ produÃ' ts oftÐ µn nà  µÃ µd strong lÐ µadÐ µrs and hiÐ µrarÃ' hiÐ µs arrangÐ µd around timÐ µ sÃ' alÐ µs: OnÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl foÃ' usÐ µs on hourly nÐ µÃ µds, anothÐ µr on thÐ µ nÐ µxt fivÐ µ yÐ µars. In thÐ µ past, Ã' onstruÃ' ting an organization that Ð µxploitÐ µd hiÐ µrarÃ' hy yÐ µt maximizÐ µd Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivism was nÐ µarly impossiblÐ µ. Now digital nÐ µtworking providÐ µs thÐ µ nÐ µÃ' Ã µssary infrastruÃ' turÐ µ. ThÐ µ NÐ µt Ð µmpowÐ µrs produÃ' t-foÃ' usÐ µd organizations to funÃ' tion Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µly whilÐ µ kÐ µÃ µping thÐ µ hiÐ µrarÃ' hy from fully taking ovÐ µr. ThÐ µ organization bÐ µhind MySQL, an opÐ µn sourÃ' Ã µ databasÐ µ, is not romantiÃ' ally nonhiÐ µrarÃ' hiÃ' al, but it is far morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than OraÃ' lÐ µ. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, WikipÐ µdia is not a bastion of Ð µquality, but it is vastly morÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivist than thÐ µ ЕnÃ' yÃ' lopdia BritanniÃ' a. ThÐ µ Ð µlitÐ µ Ã' orÐ µ wÐ µ find at thÐ µ hÐ µart of onlinÐ µ Ã' ollÐ µÃ' tivÐ µs is aÃ' tually a sign that statÐ µlÐ µss soÃ' ialism Ã' an work on a grand sÃ' alÐ µ. Most pÐ µoplÐ µ in thÐ µ WÐ µst wÐ µrÐ µ indoÃ' trinatÐ µd with thÐ µ notion that Ð µxtÐ µnding thÐ µ powÐ µr of individuals nÐ µÃ' Ã µssarily diminishÐ µs thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ statÐ µ, and viÃ' Ã µ vÐ µrsa. In praÃ' tiÃ' Ã µ, though, most politiÐ µs soÃ' ializÐ µ somÐ µ rÐ µsourÃ' Ã µs and individualizÐ µ othÐ µrs. Most frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt Ð µÃ' onomiÐ µs havÐ µ soÃ' ializÐ µd Ð µduÃ' ation, and Ð µvÐ µn Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly soÃ' ializÐ µd soÃ' iÐ µtiÐ µs allow somÐ µ privatÐ µ propÐ µrty. RathÐ µr than viÐ µwing tÐ µÃ' hnologiÃ' al soÃ' ialism as onÐ µ sidÐ µ of a zÐ µro-sum tradÐ µ-off bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn frÐ µÃ µ-markÐ µt individualism and Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd authority, it Ã' an bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn as a Ã' ultural OS that Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µs both thÐ µ individual and thÐ µ group at onÃ' Ã µ. ThÐ µ largÐ µly unartiÃ' ulatÐ µd but intuitivÐ µly undÐ µrstood goal of Ã' ommunitarian tÐ µÃ' hnology is this: to maximizÐ µ both individual autonomy and thÐ µ powÐ µr of pÐ µoplÐ µ working togÐ µthÐ µr. Thus, digital soÃ' ialism Ã' an bÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd as a third way that rÐ µndÐ µrs irrÐ µlÐ µvant thÐ µ old dÐ µbatÐ µs. ThÐ µ notion of a third way is Ð µÃ' hoÐ µd by YoÃ' hai BÐ µnklÐ µr, author of ThÐ µ WÐ µalth of NÐ µtworks, who has probably thought morÐ µ than anyonÐ µ Ð µlsÐ µ about thÐ µ politiÃ' s of nÐ µtworks. ThÐ µ nÐ µw OS is nÐ µithÐ µr thÐ µ Ã' lassiÃ'  Ã' ommunism of Ã' Ã µntralizÐ µd planning without privatÐ µ propÐ µrty nor thÐ µ undilutÐ µd Ã' haos of a frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt. InstÐ µad, it is an Ð µmÐ µrging dÐ µsign spaÃ' Ã µ in whiÃ' h dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd publiÃ'  Ã' oordination Ã' an solvÐ µ problÐ µms and Ã' rÐ µatÐ µ things that nÐ µithÐ µr purÐ µ Ã' ommunism nor purÐ µ Ã' apitalism Ã' an. Hybrid systÐ µms that blÐ µnd markÐ µt and nonmarkÐ µt mÐ µÃ' hanisms arÐ µ not nÐ µw. For dÐ µÃ' adÐ µs, rÐ µsÐ µarÃ' hÐ µrs havÐ µ studiÐ µd thÐ µ dÐ µÃ' Ã µntralizÐ µd, soÃ' ializÐ µd produÃ' tion mÐ µthods of northÐ µrn Italian and BasquÐ µ industrial Ã' o-ops, in whiÃ' h Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs arÐ µ ownÐ µrs, sÐ µlÐ µÃ' ting managÐ µmÐ µnt and limiting profit distribution, indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt of statÐ µ Ã' ontrol. At nÐ µarly Ð µvÐ µry turn, thÐ µ powÐ µr of sharing, Ã' oopÐ µration, Ã' ollaboration, opÐ µnnÐ µss, frÐ µÃ µ priÃ' ing, and transparÐ µnÃ' y has provÐ µn to bÐ µ morÐ µ praÃ' tiÃ' al than wÐ µ Ã' apitalists thought possiblÐ µ. ЕaÃ' h timÐ µ wÐ µ try it, wÐ µ find that thÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ nÐ µw soÃ' ialism is biggÐ µr than wÐ µ imaginÐ µd.

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae When you think of a spider, you probably picture a big, round web with its resident spider poised in the center, waiting for a hapless fly to land in the webs sticky strands. With few exceptions, you would be thinking of an orb weaver spider of the family Araneidae. The orb weavers are one of the three largest spider groups. The Family Araneidae The family Araneidae is diverse; orb weavers vary in colors, sizes, and shapes. The webs of orb weavers consist of radial strands, like spokes of a wheel, and concentric circles. Most orb weavers build their webs vertically, attaching them to branches, stems, or manmade structures. Araneidae webs may be quite large, spanning several feet in width. All members of the family Araneidae possess eight similar eyes, arranged in two rows of four eyes each. Despite this, they have rather poor eyesight and rely on vibrations within the web to alert them to meals. Orb weavers have four to six spinnerets, from which they produce strands of silk. Many orb weavers are brightly colored and have hairy or spiny legs. Classification of Orb Weavers Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily - Araneidae The Orb Weaver Diet Like all spiders, orb weavers are carnivores. They feed primarily on insects and other small organisms entrapped in their sticky webs. Some larger orb weavers may even consume hummingbirds or frogs they’ve successfully ensnared. The Orb Weaver Life Cycle Male orb weavers occupy most of their time with finding a mate. Most males are much smaller than females, and after mating may become her next meal. The female waits on or near her web, letting the males come to her. She lays eggs in clutches of several hundred, encased in a sac. In areas with cold winters, the female orb weaver will lay a large clutch in the fall and wrap it in thick silk. She will die when the first frost arrives, leaving her babies to hatch in the spring. Orb weavers live one to two years, on average. Special Orb Weaver Adaptations and Defenses The orb weavers web is a masterful creation, designed to ensnare meals efficiently. The spokes of the web are primarily non-sticky silk and serve as walkways for the spider to move about the web. The circular strands do the dirty work. Insects become stuck to these sticky threads on contact. Most orb weavers are nocturnal. During daylight hours, the spider may retreat to a nearby branch or leaf but will spin a trapline from the web. Any slight vibration of the web will travel down the trapline, alerting her to a potential catch. The orb weaver possesses venom, which she uses to immobilize her prey. When threatened by people or most anything larger than herself, an orb weavers first response is to flee. Rarely, if handled, will she bite; when she does, the bite is mild. Orb Weaver Range and Distribution Orb weaver spiders live throughout the world, with the exceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In North America, there are approximately 180 species of orb weavers. Worldwide, arachnologists describe over 3,500 species in the family Araneidae.

Safavids and Ottoman empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safavids and Ottoman empire - Essay Example Being born in a more peaceful religious background the ideologies the Safavid Empire were more religion centric and less militarist in nature than the Ottoman Empire that was initially a response to the crumbling Seljuk Sultanate trough the conquering of the Byzantine territories at the northwest of Anatolia. Therefore being positioned at the frontline of the Christianity vs. Islam conflict the Ottomans empire-builders had to restructure their political system as capable of defending the Empire from any outside invaders as well as sturdy enough to lead any quick and effective offense into the heart of Eastern Europe. Military power was the most important and common component of both of the Safavid and the Ottoman Empire. The policies as well as the ideologies of these had been greatly shaped by the militarism of those empire-builders. Indeed the militarisms of these empires were fervently supported by the ideologies and policies that they adopted. Indeed the moral strengths and the p opular support were achieved mainly by managing the commoners’ religiosity but in two different ways. ... Apart from the support of the mass population, the imams or religious leaders had a large group of followers known as Qizilbas who later serves as the muscle power. When the Ottomans used a regular army from the very beginning of the Empire, the Safavids initially were the disciples of the twelve Imams. Referring to the Shiite Imam’s use of religion to legitimatize their position in power, Robinson says, â€Å"During the 15th Century the order was transformed into a revolutionary movement†¦.acquired political importance as the Safavid Sheiks commanded their disciples to fight for these beliefs † (52). The Ottomans primarily focused on the capturing the European cities and thus annexing them to the Empire. They grew a culture in which people of all religions, Islam, Christianity, and Jews, could live peacefully. Capturing the cities that were formerly under the control of Christian rulers and leaving them under the existing Christian troops as vassals were a common practice in the Ottoman Empire. This strategy, indeed, helped the Ottoman rulers to save energy to pay their attention to conquer more cities and countries in the Eastern European. Also it inspired to the Christian troops as well as commoners either to be converted to Islam or to participate in the Ottoman army spontaneously. Indeed the Empire was benefited from the inclusion of the Christian troops into the army, because those Christian and the converted troops enhanced the army’s capability to fight in the unfamiliar east European Environment. But in the early16th century, when the Ottoman rulers focused their attention on brining entire state under the control of a unified army, the primary condition for one to participate in the army

Analyze the statements of each speaker. What does each statement imply Essay

Analyze the statements of each speaker. What does each statement imply regarding their views on the following legal philosophica - Essay Example George Wallace was the 45th Governor of Alabama and he was strongly in favor of segregation laws. He held opposite opinions from Luther King Jr. on human rights and believed that it was right for white and colored men to be treated differently. His opinion on civil movements was also not pleasing for civil rights activist. He called for an end to these movements. King’s views on Legal Philosophical Issues Natural law is the law that is based on human inclination or nature (Rothbard, M. 2011). Positive laws are manmade laws that are based on the fact that human beings are not inherently moral or rational so laws are required to govern them. Martin Luther King considered natural law to be more legitimate than positive laws. King considered the positive laws of segregation to be incoherent with natural law of freedom and justice. He said â€Å"We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: ‘Fo r Whites Only.’† (Luther King Jr.). Segregation was supported by law and King argued against it because he thought it was against the natural laws of freedom. Luther King Jr. was of the opinion of St. Augustine that ‘unjust law is no law’ (MacDonald Jr. 2010). ... Law should be used to promote the common good as argued by King. He believed that it was our duty to follow the just laws. Just laws promote the common good among people by listening to the all groups of the society. He says in his speech â€Å"Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice† (Luther King Jr.). So he argues that laws should be changed. When he argues that laws should be changed he must believe that laws can be used to promote common good of the people. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in the non violent ways of protest. He was inspired by Gandhi and his philosophy of non violence. He believed that violence is not justified even if it is done to achieve a just claim. He said specifically â€Å"In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds† (Luther King Jr.). This clearly explains his non violent ideas. He strongly believed that harm done to people even in the course of protest for a just cause is not justified. The legal philosophy of King was to achieve the aims through peaceful protests and not physical violence. King viewed the role of autonomy to be great in determining aims of law. Autonomy was promised by the ancestors of America but this was not given to the black Americans. In his opinion aims of law were to promote autonomy but later on the society developed its own biases and prejudices. State intervention is argued by Stuart Mill but only in cases where a person inflicts harm or danger to the society (Dogan, A. 2006). King sees paternalism as undesirable as it hinders in achieving the aim of law and that is to promote freedom. Morality plays a role in determining aims of law according to Luther King Jr. The aims

Data Protection Act impact on Security on Canada (IT Security) Essay

Data Protection Act impact on Security on Canada (IT Security) - Essay Example It is necessary to ensure that every organization’s foreign organization follows the same requirements that would apply for Canadian operations, if the information is being transferred for processing. This can be achieved by entering into a contract or legal agreement with the other party â€Å"and adherence to the agreement that the foreign organization must work by the requirements of the Act, the OECD is an instance of such agreements.† (http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/thridcountries/adequacy-faq_en.htm) Many members of the OECD in the European now have legislations in place, which apply the Privacy Protection Guidelines to the private and public sectors. As a result of this, the most recent OECD analysis on access and supply rights recognizes that: 1. Governments may have a right to block the transfer or broadcast of information between a supplier and potential customer(s) if the information may be considered to endanger national security or to conflict with societal norms on censorship or data protection 2. Third party individuals may require the right to block transfer or broadcast of information between a supplier and potential customer(s) if the information relates to the privacy of the individual. (OECD, 1990, pp. 47) Every organization considers its data pool and its information resources to be invaluable assets, and thus will apply the necessary security strategies in order to protect its information in a way to safeguard its interests. The data protection act helps in avoiding any breach of security that might affect data privacy. The Data protection act requires the implementation of standardized strategies for a secure data management. Every organization is required to assess its own security practices, because necessary security provisions might involve the development and implementation of security policies to protect private data and information. Thus, security

The Tory governments in the period of 1822-30 Essay Example for Free

The Tory governments in the period of 1822-30 Essay How accurate is it to describe the Tory governments in the period of 1822-30 as liberal Tory. Some historians believe that in this period of history the Tory government were liberal as they intended on reforming some aspects of how the country was governed and run. While other believe that the Tory governments were not liberal at all and there was only a few liberal Tories while many didn’t want any such reform such as catholic emancipation or parliamentary reform. In 1822 Liverpools decided on a catholic reshuffle in government, this meant that new men were brought into the government to replace the ones who had either lost there jobs or died or who had received other jobs. The new men that came into the government who brought new ideas which could have been passed through the cabinet and there ideas could have led to them becoming more liberal. This is because people such as Peel came from rich middle class families in the city who wanted to see that industrialists could have more a say in the running of the government. The cabinet reshuffle was liberal as it was a clear change in personnel in government, suggesting a change in think and policies. Also the new men who were brought into were less aristocratic that the old, they weren’t lords who owned large amounts of land they were more upper middle class; a different background meant different views. Finally there views were more liberal for example Canning wanted more religious freedom while Robinson wanted free trade. However all of the new members of he cabinet were still part of Liverpools government before 1822 and supported repressive policies, supported anti-radical legislation. Also the new people were only brought in due to practical reasons. Liverpools felt that he had to bring Canning into government as he had many supporters. The ideas that were introduced during 1822 the ideas had already been spoken about before this time. Finally the government was really unpopular and they wanted to change there image, no clear movement in a liberal direction. Overall the cabinet reshuffle isn’t any proof of a move towards liberalism as it was only done for practical reasons and even if people such as Canning wanted change he would have been outvoted in the cabinet anyway. During the period of 1822 – 27 the country saw a strong economic growth, some people believe that this was a key reason why radical ideologies decreased during this time as they was better living standards and more jobs circulating in the economy. During this period the government undertook a number of important economic reforms which suggested that the government was moving away from protection and towards free trade. The Tories were moving more liberal as Liverpool himself was known to be a supporter of some of these ideas and in one speech admitted that there needed to be a reduce on tariffs and taxes on imports. One of the reforms that were introduced was the reduction of custom duties on imports, this encouraged demand and stimulated the economy. It benefited the new manufacturing industries and increased employment. Another reform was the introduction of the reciprocity of duties act 1823, this allowed trade agreements with individual countries. There was also changes to the navigation laws which also improved trade as it meant that Britain as the ban with Holland stopped. Most importantly there was a relaxing of the Corn Laws, this allowed foreign wheat to enter the country without any duty once the price of British wheat rose. On the other hand it could be argued that the implementation of these liberal reforms are more of an example of continuity of government policy rather than a clear break with the past, the government didn’t really embrace the idea of fair trade and they only saw it as a way of making more money for themselves. Even though the Corn Laws were changed they weren’t really amended to suit the poor. Overall I think that the Tories were liberal in there economic reform as it didn’t successfully increase trade and profit and reduced tariffs on many good, however they could of done much more and it seemed that many of the reforms that were introduced the ideas had already been spoken about before. Peel tried to reform the home office in this period, one of the ways in which he intended on doing this was reforming the penal system. The penal code was far too severe over 200 offences including minor ones like stealing a loaf of bread, damaging Westminster Bridge and impersonating a Chelsea pensioner were punishable by death. Another 400 were punishable by hard labour in the convict settlements of Australia. In practise the system broke down because the juries often refused to convict if it meant execution for a trivial offence and many criminals went unpunished. Peel seemed to be a liberal reformer as the death penalty was abolished for over 180 crimes and it was left for the judge to decide whether the death penalty should be imposed. Punishments for other offences were less severe. The barbaric practise of burying suicides crossroads with a stake through the heart was abolished. He was open about his motives and he understood the need for change. On the other hand Peel relied much on the work of Henry Hobhouse, the diligent and experienced under secretary he had inherited from Sidmouth. If Peel opened the way to the Whig reforms which reduced the number of capital crimes he did so unintentionally. Only noticeable change in the criminal law arrived only in the 1830’s under the Whig government. Another reform in the home office was the prison reform this was because the conditions in prisons were poor. They were overcrowded. Filthy, insanitary and disease ridden; child offenders were put with hardened criminals. The jailers were unpaid and were paid only by the prisoners themselves. The jails act removed some of the worst abuses of the prison system. Magistrates were to inspect prisons at least three times a quarter. However there was nothing liberal about this reform, Peel did little about the shortcomings in penal provision. Peel believed that evil should be punished and he supported the use of corporal punishments such as the whip and the treadmill. In other words, his aim was not to liberalise the prison regime. Rather, his aim was to make it work in a more uniform manner. Also, he was merely building on his experience as chief secretary of Ireland where in 1814 he had established an efficient police system. Gash points out that the 1823 jails act had been prepared by parliamentary committee and accepted by the government in 1821, he was simply implementing legislation that had been accepted by the government three years earlier. At first it seemed that the new reforms were very liberal as there seemed to be much change, however Peel was after more convictions and wanted to gain more control in certain aspects of the home office. Peel also wanted to amend the trade unions the combination laws got rid of the ban on trade unions; they had been banned since 1799 because it was felt that they posed a threat to the stability of the state, especially when unity was needed during the middle of the Napoleonic war. The amending act 1825 permitted trade unions to exist for the purpose of negotiating about wages and hours of work, but they were not allowed to molest or obstruct. It seemed that Peel was trying to be more liberal as he was going against traditional views by allowing trade unions and it gave workers many more rights and made there bosses give them a fair wage, suitable hours and acceptable living conditions. Conversely, the amending act was much less liberal than the previous act and certainly restricted such liberties so the Tories cannot be seen as liberal on this front. When this act was passed the government introduced a second committee which recommended the tightening of the law. Even though the act was passed the trade unions were still restricted of freedom of action. Also as soon as it became clear that workers would take advantage of the new legislation the government backtracked and passed the amending law. This suggests that the aim was to restrict rather than to encourage union activity. It was, in other words, an illiberal rather than liberal measure. During this period of history there was much discrimination against Roman catholics. Roman catholics in the UK were regarded as second calls subjects as they didnt have the same rights and freedoms of conformists. In Ireland all land and wealth was in the hands of a small group of Protestants. The wealth and status of the Anglican Church stood in stark contrast to the positions of the Catholic Church which relied on the contribution, of its congregations. Some Catholics could vote if they held enough land but they were prohibited from holding any public office, this meant that they could not change the existing situation. Catholic emancipation would be the government giving the same right stand freedom as conformists; this would mean that they would be able to become MPs or to work for the government. This would mean that they no longer were second class subjects and had the same rights as Protestants. On the face of it, it seemed that the some Tories supported it and it gave more rights and freedom to catholics. However, it was only passed to stop a civil war and even after the emancipation the Tory party split over it, which shows that all Tories were not liberal and they didn’t want change. There was growing demand for parliamentary reform in the 1820’s the new middle class wanted representation. As the old system was out of date and the distribution of seats did not reflect the population changes in the country. There was also no secret ballot which meant that the franchise was open to corruption and bribery. Some Tories were in favour of parliamentary reform, as people such as Canning were brought up from an industrial background and because of this wanted to see them areas get more of say in the running of the country. Surprisingly also some Ultra Tories eventually supported reform as they could see that there was no other way they were going to stay in power unless there was some slight reform. But some Tories were completely opposed to reform, and they opposed even the slightest amount of reform. Some Tories only supported reform as they wanted to bring down Wellingtons government because they thought it would produce a parliament opposed to catholic emancipation. Overall I believe that the Troy government during this period was not liberal. This is because that some of the reforms they did implement were for just practical reasons and they were just a continuity of ideas that had been mentioned in years before. There were no huge changes that could suggest that the Tories were liberal and also only some Tories supported reform while some didn’t want to see any change. But during this period there was slight change in the government and it could be seen that the Tories were gradually becoming more liberal and if they had won the next general election they could have pushed on with liberalism.